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Flowering Plants - Angiosperms

Flowering Plants - Angiosperms. Flowering Plants - Angiosperms. Largest group of Land Plants! Most important economically! Apomorphies: Flowers Carpels Fruits Double fertilization with triploid endosperm Specialized conductive cells. Why have Angiosperms been so successful? . }.

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Flowering Plants - Angiosperms

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  1. Flowering Plants - Angiosperms

  2. Flowering Plants - Angiosperms • Largest group of Land Plants! • Most important economically! • Apomorphies: • Flowers • Carpels • Fruits • Double fertilization with triploid endosperm • Specialized conductive cells

  3. Why have Angiosperms been so successful?

  4. } modified leaves FlowersWhat is a flower? = Shoot system bearing modified leaves: Perianth Calyx (sepals) - green, protective Corolla (petals) - colored, attractant Stamens - male Carpels - female

  5. pistil Fig. 30.7

  6. Flower parts:

  7. Flower pollination (transfer of pollen to ovule): Animal pollination Ancestral for Angiosperms Much moreefficient means of transporting pollen All Gymnosperms are wind pollinated (Some Angiosperms secondarily wind pollinated)

  8. Strategy of animal pollination: Attractant Visual: large or brightly colored perianth Olfactory (smell): sweet or rotten (fetid) odor Reward Usually nectar or pollen (Rarely waxes, oils)

  9. Pollination Mechanisms Insects Bees Butterflies/Moths Flies Birds Bats Water Wind

  10. Bee-pollinated

  11. Moth-pollinated

  12. Fly-pollinated

  13. Bird-pollinated

  14. Bat-pollinated

  15. Wind pollination in grasses

  16. Phyllospadix torreyi Surf-Grass Water-pollinated

  17. 2) CarpelsCarpel = conduplicate megasporophyll Conduplicate = folded Megasporophyll = “female leaf, bearing seeds” Carpel totally encloses ovules/seeds

  18. Carpels can fuse together Gynoecium = all female parts Pistil = ovary + style + stigma Pistil can be one carpel or many

  19. orange: 8 fused carpels carpel

  20. Function of Carpel • Protects young seeds • Site of pollen germination- Can induce self-incompatibility reactions • Fruits

  21. Self-incompatibility- Pollen will not germinate on genetically similar individuals- Promotes outcrossing

  22. 3) FruitsFruit = mature ovary (plus accessory parts) Function: seed dispersal

  23. Fruit types:dry- dispersed mechanically, by wind, water, etc. fleshy- dispersed by animals

  24. 4) Double fertilization in Angiosperms Assignment: Study Figs. 38.2, 38.3, 38.5

  25. Double fertilization in Angiosperms Pollen produces 2 sperm cells:

  26. Double fertilization in Angiosperms Pollen produces 2 sperm cells: sperm (n) + egg (n) ----> zygote (2n) sperm (n) + 2 polar nuclei (n) ----> endosperm (3n)

  27. Triploid endosperm is nutritive tissue in seeds of Angiosperms. Extra set of genes may help in:1) rapid development 2) increase genetic variation

  28. Gymnosperms:- Fertilization occurs long after pollination - Seeds mature slowly (1-2 years) Angiosperms:- Fertilization occurs soon after pollination - Seeds produced rapidly - Selective advantage (e.g., annual herbs)

  29. 5) Specialized conductive cells Most Angiosperms have vessels Specialized in having perforation plates vessel perforation plate

  30. All Angiosperms have sieve tube members -with sieve plates: bigger pores in end walls big callose-lined pores

  31. Angiosperms Vessels and sieve tube members more efficient in water / sugar conduction

  32. Angiosperm Classification

  33. 1 cotyledon 1 cotyledon coleoptile epicotyl epicotyl hypocotyl embryo radicle radicle coleorhiza seed coat MONOCOTS endosperm 2 cotyledons { epicotyl embryo hypocotyl radicle NON-MONOCOT Old classification: Dicots - 2 cotyledons (seed leaves) Monocots - 1 cotyledon

  34. Monocots monophyletic

  35. Monocot apomorphies

  36. 1 cotyledon 1 cotyledon coleoptile epicotyl epicotyl hypocotyl embryo radicle radicle coleorhiza MONOCOTS Monocot apomorphies 1 cotyledon parallel venation stem an atactostele -many scattered vascular bundles (wood lost!)

  37. Monocots include: Palms Orchids Irises Grasses, etc.

  38. “Dicots” paraphyletic!

  39. Features that defined “Dicots” are primitive (not apomorphies)

  40. Eudicots monophyletic!

  41. Eudicot apomorphy: Pollen tricolpate - 3 apertures A A A

  42. All other Angiosperms: aperture Pollen has 1 aperture

  43. Eudicots include most angiosperms: Roses Legumes Daisies Oaks, etc.

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