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Structure of the Hydrosphere

Structure of the Hydrosphere. The Structure of Hydrosphere. Oceans—96.5% of water found here Fresh water—3.5% of water found here. Fresh water distribution: Ice: 1.762% Groundwater: 1.7% Surface Fresh Water: 0.014% Atmosphere and soil: 0.002%.

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Structure of the Hydrosphere

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  1. Structure of the Hydrosphere

  2. The Structure of Hydrosphere • Oceans—96.5% of water found here • Fresh water—3.5% of water found here • Fresh water distribution: • Ice: 1.762% • Groundwater: 1.7% • Surface Fresh Water: 0.014% • Atmosphere and soil: 0.002%

  3. Understanding Where Your Water Is Located—Fresh Water What features house water as ice? • Icebergs: a large piece of freshwater ice floating in open waters • Glaciers: any large mass of ice that moves slowly over land • *permanent snow areas also “house” water as ice • What features house water as a liquid? • Rivers/ Streams • Lakes • Ponds • Wetlands: An area of land that is saturated with water for the majority of the year. (Ex. Swamp, Marsh, etc.) • Aquifer: An area of rock underground that holds freshwater. Thinking Question: - Which features, ice or liquid, house the most freshwater on planet earth?

  4. Fresh Water Locations—Surface WaterRivers/Streams • How does water get to rivers and streams? • Runoff from watersheds and river basins. • What is the difference between a watershed and a river basin? • Both terms describe land that drains into a river, stream or lake River Basin: the area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries. Watershed: the land area that supplies water to a river system. * There can be multiple watersheds within a river basin.

  5. What do the U.S river basins look like? • What geographic features divide our country into different river basins? • Where do all of the river basins ultimately drain their water? • Which river basin supplies the water for the local rivers in southeast North Carolina?

  6. What are the two types of streams? Meandering Stream: Streams that have channels with many curves. Braided Stream: Streams with many bars and islands separated by channels. Activity: To the best of your ability; draw a meandering and braided stream in your notes. (I will demonstrate on the board)

  7. What is stream erosion? Stream erosion: The movement of rock and sediment to other places through the flow of a stream. - Bed Load: Bottom- Sand and Gravel. - Suspended Load: Middle- Silt and Clay - Dissolved Load: Top- Dissolved Minerals

  8. What is the result of stream erosion? • Canyon Formation: Over thousands of years stream and river erosion can cut into the earth to form caynons. • Ex. Colorado river and the Grand Canyon.

  9. Continued 2. Alluvial Fans: Streams deposit sediment onto a flat area of land.

  10. Continued 3. Delta: Streams deposit sediment into a body of water.

  11. Fresh Water Locations—Surface WaterLakes How are lakes formed? • 1. Glaciers: Glaciers scoured out depressions that over time fill in with runoff water. • Natural Lakes: • Ex. Great Lakes- They hold 18 percent of Earth’s freshwater. • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Great_Lakes_from_space.jpg • 2. Crustal Movement: The Earth’s crust can move and create depressions that fill in with water. • 3. Volcanic Eruption: After a volcanic eruption the top of the volcano can fill with water. • Caldera: http://www.gvb-csic.es/CCDB/iamgenes/KatmaiCaldera.jpg 4. Formation of a dam: Human-made lake Ex. Hoover dam http://philip.greenspun.com/images/pcd2882/hoover-dam-aerial-91.4.jpg Thought Question: Why might a dam and reservoir be useful in a dry area? Answer: The reservoir could store water for drinking and irrigation.

  12. What is eutrophication? Eutrophication: An increase in nutrients and organism that is a normal part of a lake’s life. Thought Question: How could building a dam lead to an increase in eutrophication in a lake? Answer: When a dam is constructed and forms a reservoir, sediment can collect behind the dam and quickly fill in the reservoir.

  13. Other Surface Waters • What is a wetland? • An area where the water table is at, near or above the land surface long enough during the year to support adapted plant growth • What are the types of wetlands? • Swamps, bogs, and marshes • Swamp: a wetland dominated by trees • http://dnr.state.il.us/wetlands/images/swamp21.jpg • Bogs: a wetland dominated by peat moss • http://www.travelblog.org/Photos/223909 • Marshes: a wetland dominated by grasses • http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/images/marsh.jpg

  14. Why are wetland important? • They trap sediment: • The trapped sediment cannot enter into lakes and streams. This keeps streams and lakes clear. • They use a lot of excess nutrients: • Wetlands near lakes and streams use these nutrients for their plant growth. Decreasing eutrophication.

  15. Fresh Water Locations--Groundwater • What is groundwater? • The water found in cracks and pores in sand, gravel and rocks below the earth’s surface • What is an aquifer? • A porous rock layer underground that is a reservoir for water • http://geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca/ottawa/images/biggroundwater.jpg

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