nouns

1. nouns • CountableNouns(which take an - s) • * take a / an or one in the singular. • * take a final -s / -es in the plural • Uncountable nouns(which usually don't take -s) • * Don't take / a / an in the sing. • * Don't have a plural form.

2. * Some count nouns are irregular and don't take an -s in the plural. Here are some; • man - men foot - feet • woman - women tooth - teeth • child - children fish - fish

3. * Uncount. nouns come in a mass or in uncountable form. • The following list is a short list of some uncount nouns. • Food: rice, sugar, milk, bread, butter, cheese • Fluid: blood, water, oil, coffee, tea, gasoline • Raw Material: wood, paper, iron, glass, silver, wool

4. Gases: oxygen, nitrogen, air • General: furniture, mail, money, equipment • Groups: jewellery, machinery, luggage, clothing • Languages: English, Japanese, Spanish • Academic Subjects : chemistry, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, physics • Abstract Things: education, health, intelligence, beauty, sleep, dirt, information, music

5. COMPOUND NOUNS • *These are two nouns that are used together to make one word or idea. The first noun doesn't take "-s" whereas the second noun can be plural. • *Make sure that the compound nouns with numbers, which are used as an adjective aren't in the plural form. • The brain uses as much power as a ten-watt light bulb. (noun used as an adjective) • The brain uses as much power as a lightbulb of ten watts. (noun used as a noun)

6. *When you see nouns involving numbers, such as hundred, thousand, or million, make sure that they are not in the plural form when they follow numbers. • *Numbers such as hundred, thousand, million and trillion are plural when there are no numbers before them. • The brain receives 100 milion messages a second. • The brain stores trillions of messages.

7. QUANTIFIERS • uncountable • Much • A great deal of • A good quantity of • A large amount of • (a) little

8. Either countable or uncountable • A lot of • Plenty of • Lots of

9. Countable • Many • Alarge number of • A great many • A couple • (a) few

10. 'much' and 'many' are used most often in questions and negatives. • But in affirmative sentences 'much' and 'many' can be used with expressions such as SO, TOO, and AS: • I've done so much exercise that I'm very tired. • She often eats too much bread. • I have as much money as you do.

11. *And sometimes in a more formal style, much and many are also quite used in positive sentences. • Much research has been carried out.

12. EACH,EVERY, ALL • *'Every' is used to talk about what the speaker sees as a large indefinite number of people, or things. • Every is always an adjective. • Every pupil = all the pupils. • *'Each' is used to talk about the individual people or things in a group. • Each child had a gift.

13. *Each can be used as a pronoun as well as an adjective. • Each of the students was given a book (pronoun) • Each student was given a book (adjective) • !!!*Each and every, used as an adjective, always have singular verbs and nouns. • *We must use every (not each) after nearly and not. • Nearlyevery studentneeds guidance. • Notevery teacheris in favour of activities of that kind.

14. We can't use 'of ' after every and can't use every at the end of the sentence. • All can be used with a plural noun. • All Mondays are horrible. • Every Monday is horrible.

15. NO • * 'No' can be used with singular (count and uncount) nouns and plural nouns. It means almost the same as not a or not any, but it is used instead of at the beginning of a sentence and in other places to make the negative idea more emphatic. • No cigarette js completely harmless. • No tourısts come to see the old city. • Sorry I can't wait. I've got no time. • You can't get there for there is no bus.

16. SOME - ANY • "Some" and "Any" are used with uncountable and plural nouns. • Some refers to an unspecified thing or person. • * In most positive sentences in plural forms of countables. • * In questions when we're expecting for the answer "yes". • * This is often common in offers and requests. • Have you got some money on you? • Would you like some more tea? • Some students come to school late.

17. *As pronouns; • Salad? - No, thanks. I've got some. • *Some also means "about" or "approximately" when used with a number. It suggests that the number is high. • He spent some twenty years of his life in the USA.

18. SUBJECT- VERB AGREEMENT • .Singular verbs are used with singular subjects and plural verbs with plural subjects. • This boy reads much. • Those boys read little. • . Subjects joined by 'and' or 'both .... and ....' take a plural verb unless the subjects are one person, thing or unit. • A red Jaguar and a blue Ford are parked out. • The captain and my father are good friends. •  Bread and butteris delicious. •  Ham and eggsis a good combination. •  Fish and chipsis a popular British dish.

19. 3. When the following words are used as subjects, they are always singular. Everyone Someone Anyone Noone Each Everybody Somebody Anybody Nobody Either Everything Something Anything NothingNeither Neither of those booksis very new Eachof the studentsis required to stay in the exam for three hours. 4. When each or every comes before singular subjects joined by 'and' , a singular verb is required. Every man and woman is eligible to vote . Each student and teacher has a locker.

20. 5. Words that come between a subject and its verbs don't change the number of the subjects. together with in addition to * The man, as well as his ten children, iscomingsoon.along with • One of the most enjoyable partieswasgiven by Meg. • The link between smoking and cancer is inevitable. • The argument about the new schools was a complete fiasco. • 6. If one subject is affirmative and the other negative, the verb agrees with the affirmative. • That boy, not those girls, works here. • This guy,not the ones over there, lives nextdoor.

21. 7. Introductory it is singular and always followed by a singular verb. • Itwas the dogs which awakened me. • Itis his grades that worry him. 8.Severalare plural words and always take apluralverb. Many Both Few • Several people have been evacuated to the countryside for fear of explosion. • Both sides are keen to reach an agreement.

22. 9. If the subject of a sentence is an indefinite pronoun of quantity + an ‘of ’ phrase, the number of the verb is determined by the noun in the ‘of ’ phrase. • All of the fruitwas spoiled. • All of the appleswere spoiled. • Some of the booksare interesting. • Most of the studentsare absent today. • Most of the informationis likely to be false. 10. The expression ‘a number of ’ is plural but the expression ‘the number of ’ is singular. • A number of students aremissing from class. • The number of students in class is not much.

23. 11. If the subject is gerund or infinitive, the verb must be singular. • Swimmingis useful. • To get up earlyis good for health

24. 12. a) A compound subject made up of two singular nouns or pronouns joined by 'OR, NOR' takes asingular verb. • Neither business nor education is exempt. • It is sister or his brother should tell him truth. b)A compound subject made of a singular and a plural joined by "OR, NOR, EITHER .... OR...., NEITHER.... NOR...." takes a verb agreeing with the nearer subject. • If either David or Janet comes, her or she will ask for a drink. • Neither your teacher nor you are handsome. c) A compound subject made up of two plural nouns joined by OR, NOR" takes a plural verb. • Either the boys or the girls are going.

25. 13. Expressions stating an amount of time, money, volume, weight, etc. are plural in form but take a singular verb. • Two weeksis enough time for a nice holiday. • Five hundred dollarsis necessary for me. • Ten extra poundsis a lot to lose in a week. 14. Some adjectives used with ‘ the ’ takes a plural verb because it refers to a whole group of people. • Thericharen't well respected in this area. • This is a special school for thehandicapped.

26. 15. "neither" and "none" generally take a singular verb, but they can also take plural verbs. • None of the dogs belongs to me. • Neither of the women is the one who spoke to me yesterday. • 16. The verb inside a relative clause agrees with the subject of the clause. • Thewomanwhois standingthereismy mother. • Thewomenwhoare standing therearemy aunts. • 17. ‘ The majority of ’ and ‘the minority of ’ take a plural verb if they are followed by plural nouns. • The majority of the pens were blue. • Only the minority of the people are against the law.

27. 18. The words "hundred, thousand, million" don't have a plural -s when preceded by numbers greater than one. These words do take an -s when they refer to an indefinite number. In such cases the number is always followed by an of - phrase with a plural noun. I have three hundred CDs at home. The university has thousands of international students. 19. "Between" always refers to two things. "Among" always refers to three or more things. Therefore, they always have plural nouns as their objects. Betweenthetrees, there are many beautiful flowers. I could hear voices coming from somewhereamongthebushes. ff: kjhjh

28. 20. Some nouns are always plural in form and always take plural verbs.(e.g., trousers, pants, jeans, means, scissors, pliers). However, some of them are followed by a singular verb when used in expressions such as ‘ a pair of ’..... ‘ a word of ’ • That pair of paints is dirty. • Your thanks are enough for me. • A word of thanks is enough. • His pair of jeans doesn't look well. • 21. Some words are always plural in form but singular in meaning. These words require singular verbs. Academic Subjects: mathematics, economics, linguistics, etc. Diseases:measles, mumps, etc. Abstract nouns: news, politics, Activities:aerobics, athletics, Countries:Wales, the United States.

29. 22. Titles of books and movies, even if plural in form, take singular verbs. • The New York Timesis a world-wide newspaper . • Star Warsis the most fascinating film I've ever seen. • Jaws was seen by a number of people. • 23. Collective nouns are usually singular but may be plural if the members are functioning independently. Pay attention the pronouns for clues to the singular or plural nature of the subject. Some of these words are class, team, police, committee, audience, family, faculty, government, club, group, jury, staff, union, etc. • That classhasits final test on Friday. • The classare working on their individual project. • The familyare fighting among themselves constantly. • The governmentis trying hard to control inflation.

30. 24. Some nouns use the same form for both singular and plural meanings. The pronouns and modifiers with these words will indicate whether they are singular or plural in meaning. • That species is rare. • Those species are common. • That deer is young. • Those deer are old. • All means have been used to get him to change his mind. • One means is still to be tried. 25. The following nouns must be followed by a plural verb. (cattle, the military, people, the police, swine). • The militaryhave surrounded the building. • The policeare investigating the scene of the crime.

31. 26. Nouns for nationality that ends with "-ese, -ch, -sh" may be singular or plural depending on their meaning. Some of these words are Chinese, French English, etc. When the word refers to a language it takes a singular verb. When the word refers to the people of the country, it takes a plural verb and is preceded by the article ‘ the ’. French is a Romance language. The French are romantic. English is spoken in the USA The English love tea. 27. Interrogative pronouns and the adverbs "where", "here" and "there" do not affect the number or person of the verb when they introduce sentence. What is the name of your friend? There goesour bus. Who is the man over there? Here comesmyfriend.

32. EXERCISES • Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences. • 1) The growth of cities and industries DEPENDS / DEPEND on the maintenance of the water supply. • DEPENDS • 2) Positive action, not threats, IS / ARE what we must have now • IS. • 3) Six hundred miles IS / ARE a long way to drive. • IS

33. 4) A list of the candidates HAS / HAVE been posted. • HAS • 5) A thousand Turkish liras IS / ARE a lot of money. • IS • 6) A clear understanding of these problem IS/ ARE necessary. • IS • 7) Power and glory IS / ARE what most politicians dream of. • ARE • 8) All the exercises in this class IS / ARE done slowly. • ARE

34. 9) The prediction of the number of deaths that will occur over the holidays MAKES / MAKE very gloomy reading. • 10) I realised there WAS / WERE several things to be done. • 11) John, who IS / ARE a senior, must be their leader. • 12) Neither of your suggestions IS / ARE practical. • 13) Neither Korkmaz nor I STUDY / STUDIES hard. • 14) Neither I nor they ARE / WAS able to give much time to the report.

35. 15) Neither of these cars HAVE / HAS been driven yet. • has • 16) Neither my sister nor my brothers EXPECTS / EXPECT to go to college. • EXPECT • 17) Either I or my sister IS / ARE going to pick him up. • 18) Either my brother or I IS / ARE going to be present at the meeting. • 19) Either he or the girls ARE / IS coming to see us. • 20) Either IS / ARE possible. • 21)Ayse had two skirts, neither of which WAS / WERE a Mini. • 22)Erkut says that nobody IS / ARE expected till 9o'clock. • 23) Nobody in these areas WAS / WERE affected by the flood.

36. 15) Neither of these cars HAVE / HAS been driven yet. • 16) Neither my sister nor my brothers EXPECTS / EXPECT to go to college. • 17) Either I or my sister IS / ARE going to pick him up. • 18) Either my brother or I IS / ARE going to be present at the meeting. • 19) Either he or the girls ARE / IS coming to see us. • 20) Either IS / ARE possible. • 21)Ayse had two skirts, neither of which WAS / WERE a Mini. • 22)Erkut says that nobody IS / ARE expected till 9 o'clock. • 23) Nobody in these areas WAS / WERE) affected by the flood.

37. 24) The rest of people WERE /WAS willing to stay there. • 25) The rest of works WAS / WERE left till summer. • 26) Everybody in the rooms upstairs WAS / WERE saved from the fire. • 27)A few of the students ARE / IS planing to join the club. • 28) Some of the inhabitants WANTS / WANT to move away. • 29) Some of the water WERE / WAS wasted. • 30) A lot of women DOESN'T / DON’T care about equality. • 31) Not only the government but also the people WAS / WERE willing to make sacrifices. • 32) Both my father and I HAVE / HAS been ill recently. • 33) Both the money and the jewellery WAS / WERE lost

38. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER IN PARANTHESIS. • 1) The weather (GETS/GET) very hot during the summer. • 2) The results of her experiment (WAS/WERE) published in a scientific journal. • 3) Bob and his friend (IS/ARE) coming to the anniversary party tomorrow night. • 4) The bag of groceries (WAS/WERE) too heavy for the child to carry. • 5) A lot of students (IS/ARE) already here. • 6) Some of the furniture in our apartment (IS/ARE) second-hand. • 7) Some of the desks in the classroom (IS/ARE) broken. • 8) At least two-thirds of that book on famous Americans (IS/ARE) about people. • 9) The number of students in this room right now (IS/ARE) twenty.

39. 10) A number of students in the class (SPEAK/SPEAKS) English very well. • 11) Every man, woman, and child (IS/ARE) protected under the law. • 12) Each student in the class (HAS/HAVE) to have a book. • 13)0ne of the (COUNTRIES/COUNTRY) I'd like to visit (IS/ARE) Greece. • 14) Only one of the (BOOK/BOOKS) (IS/ARE) required for the course. • 15) None of the students (IS/ARE) here. • 16) There (IS/ARE) some interesting pictures in today's newspaper. • 17) There (IS/ARE) an incorrect statement in that newspaper article.

40. 18) The news in that magazine (IS/ARE) two weeks old. • 19) The United States (IS/ARE) located in North America. • 20) Most people (LIKE/LIKES) to go to the zoo. • 21) The police (IS/ARE) coming. I've already called them. • 22) Ten minutes (IS/ARE) more than enough time to complete this exercise. • 23) Two thousand miles (IS/ARE) too far for us to travel over vacation. • 24) Physics (IS/ARE) my favourite subject. • 25) Japanese (IS/ARE) very difficult for Americans to learn. • 26) The Japanese (HAS/HAVE) a long and interesting history. • 27) The old in my country (IS/ARE) cared for by their children and grandchildren.

41. 28) This exercise on singular-plural agreement of subjects and verbs (IS/ARE) easy. • 29) Half of the students in the class (IS/ARE) from Arabic-speaking countries. • 30) There (IS/ARE) not any letters in the mail for you today.

42. Use the correct present tense form of the verb in parenthesis. • 1) The economic and cultural centre of the United States (BE) New York City. • 2) Physics (SEEK) to understand the mysteries of the physical world. • 3) Two hours of skiing (PROVIDE) plenty of exercise. • 4) Almost every professor and student at the university (APPROVE) the choice of Brown as the new president. • 5) In many respects, this magazine article on wild animals in North America(OVERSIMPLIFY) the very real danger of extinction that many species face. • 6) The extent of his knowledge on various complex subjects (ASTOUND) me.

43. Use the correct word form of the two choices given in parantheses. • 1) Fifty minutes (IS/ARE) the maximum length of time allowed for the exam. • 2) The taxes on our car (IS/ARE) high because we live in a city. • 3) (IS/ARE) January or February the coldest month of the year? • 4) A number of students (IS/ARE) absent today. • 5) The number of students at the university (IS/ARE) approximately ten thousand. • 6) Statistics (IS/ARE) a branch of mathematics. • 7) The statistics in that report on oil production (IS/ARE) incorrect. • 8) The English (DRINKS/DRINK) more tea than Americans do.

44. 9) English (IS/ARE) not my native language. • 10) Twenty dollars (IS/ARE) an unreasonable price for that necklace. • Complete the sentences • 1) Either the students or the teacher allowed to enter here. • 2) Neither Tennur nor her parents ............ here. • 3) Who studies hard, Ali or Veli? –Both hard. • 4) The mother along with her children watching TV. • 5) His sunglasses not good.

45. 6) These trousers ............. cheaper. • 7) Five hundred liras a small amount of money. • 8) 0ne of the tallest students ............ coming towards us. • 9) A number of books ........... about history. • 10) It's the teachers who coffee very much. • 11) Neither my sister nor I ........... eager to go. • 12) The police investigating the matter.