Chemistry of Life: What Makes Us Up?

1. Ch. 6 Chemistry of Life

2. White Board Activity- What are we made of? • What would it look like if we could see the things that make up our skin? • Draw a diagram to show this and come up with an explanation of what you would see. • What would an ever CLOSER view look like? • Draw a diagram to show this and come up with an explanation of what you would see.

3. Different levels of organization • Cells….. • Cell parts (organelles) • Molecules • Atom Check this out! http://scaleofuniverse.com/

4. A few things to think about……. • Where do the atoms come from that make us up? • If the atoms come from foods we eat, why don’t we look like the hamburgers, french fries, and apples we eat?

5. Atoms • Small units of matter that make up everything

6. What are the main atoms that make us up? • C • H • O • N • P • S

7. Elements • Elements are substances made up of ONE type of atom • Here are some elements found in living things

8. What are some of the main molecules (compounds) that make us up? • Examples of molecules in living things are: • Water H2O • Carbohydrates (Lots of different kinds) • Proteins (1000’s of different kinds) • Fats (lots of different kinds) • Nucleic acids

9. Organic Molecules (compounds) • Compounds that contain Carbon (and Hydrogen) • Carbon can form bonds that allow organic compounds to have these shapes: • Proteins, carbs, fats, DNA are organic molecules

10. WATER • Why is it soooooo important to living things? • A person can die within hours if it is HOT and they are sweating • 3-5 days normally • What makes it different from other liquids? (you mean there are liquids that don’t contain water? What might they be?)

11. Importance of Water to Life • Cools us off • Transports materials in the body • Dissolves materials (in digestive system) • Helps chemical reactions happen in cells • Makes up about 85% of your brain, 80% of your blood and 70% of your muscles

12. Unique properties of water • A water molecule has a negative end and a positive end • Water molecules like to “stick” together

13. Water molecules “stick” to each other • Surface tension- a “film” occurs on the top of water – • Water forms BIG drops

14. Ice floats- less dense than liquid water • It is important so ice can float (lakes freeze from top to bottom) • Liquid Solid

15. Water resists temperature changes Water doesn’t evaporate as easy as other liquids • This is good for us- so lakes don’t evaporate in the summer.

16. Find these out as you read “the structure of carbohydrates,”.p. 162 • What are carbohydrates made up of? • What do carbohydrates do for us (why do we need them?)? • What are the differences between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

17. Carbohydrates • Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen • All carbs are made of units called sugar units (glucose is a common one) bonded together • The formula for glucose is C6H12O6 • The carbon bonding makes a sugar unit have a “stop sign” shape.

18. Uses of ALL carbohydrates • ENERGY for cells (and therefore us!)

19. Monosaccharides • Mono = One • Saccharide = Sugar unit • Monosaccharides are carbs that are made of single sugar units • The single sugar units are clumped together in food, but not chemically bonded

20. Monosaccharides • Very FAST energy • Since monosaccharides are made of single sugar units they don’t need to be chemically digested- they need to be crushed up and then the sugar units can DIFFUSE into the blood stream

21. Disacchride • Di= two • Saccharide= sugar units • Since these carbs have 2 sugar units, the sugar units must be chemically broken down (digested) before the sugar units diffuse into the blood • Example: Table sugar (sucrose)

22. Polysaccharides • Poly= many • Saccharides? • Long steady energy source since sugar units are slowly digested apart and put into blood

23. Quiz- 6pts • Draw a diagram to show the difference between an atom and a molecule (or compound). Label parts of the diagram. • Explain 2 reasons why a living thing would die without water. Be specific and reference important jobs of water. • Describe 2 characteristics of water that another liquid, such as oil or rubbing alcohol, would not have.

24. Make up quiz • Describe the difference between a carbon atom and a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2). • What are 2 important jobs that water does for a living thing? • What are 2 characteristics of water that allow it to exist in so many places on earth in a liquid form?

25. Review questions on Carbs • What smaller unit are all carbs made of? • What are all carbs used for? • When and why would a person prefer eating a monosaccharide instead of a polysaccharide? • What is the main source (food) that contains disaccharides?

26. Sources of Monosaccharides • Fruits, honey • Which would be a faster source of energy? • An apple or apple juice

27. Sources of Disaccharides • Any thing that contains table sugar

28. Sources of Polysaccharides • Any grain • Anything that contains flour • Potatoes and other “starchy” vegetables

29. FYI • The names of carbohydrates end in ----ose • Examples: • Glucose • Sucrose • Lactose • Amylose

30. Lipids or fats • Elements: C, H, O • Made of smaller units linked together- These units must be broken apart in order to get into the bloodstream • Functions: Stored energy (on the body), insulation, protect organs

31. Sources of Lipids • Lard, butter, oil, and any food that contains these • Cholesterol- found in animal fat

32. Proteins • Elements: C, H, O, N, and sometimes S • Made of smaller units called amino acids • Functions: • Cell growth • Makes up hair, nails, skin • Repairs cells

33. Special proteins • Hemoglobin • Found in red blood cells- attaches to oxygen • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eor6EK_JP40&feature=related • Hormones • Proteins that are put into the blood stream and cause something to happen in another area of the body

34. A special type of protein • Enzymes • Help chemical reactions occur in living things- act as catalysts • An enzyme fits with another molecule (substrate) in a puzzle like way

35. FYI- Names of enzymes • Always end in ---ase • The beginning of the name is the same as the material it works on • Examples • Sucrase breaks down sucrose (table sugar) • Lactase breaks down lactose • Amylase breaks down _______

36. Animation on enzymes • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLr7_2wnIXU- overview of enzymes • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KED6BHVM97s - digestive enzymes

37. Nucleic Acids • Elements: C, H, O, N, P • Nucleic acids are made of smaller units called nucleotides • DNA- codes for proteins cells make • RNA- helps make the proteins coded in DNA

38. Sources of DNA • Anything made of cells

39. Macromolecules • These are big (macro) molecules • Many of these are molecules made of smaller units that repeat over and over= POLYMER • What are some examples of macromolecules we have already learned?

40. Dehydration (condensation) reactions • A chemical reaction in which small units are linked to make larger molecules (polymers) • Water is released • A dehydration reaction would occur in your cells when amino acids are connected to make proteins

41. Hydrolysis • A hydrolysis reaction is a chemical reaction in which large polymers are broken down into smaller units • Water is used • A hydrolysis reaction occurs in the intestines when polysaccharides and proteins are broken apart into smaller units

42. Polymers • Polymers are large molecules made of smaller molecules that repeat over and over and are bonded together • The smaller molecules are sometimes called “subunits” or “building blocks”

43. Draw diagrams to represent each of these: • Atoms • What will you use to represent: nucleus (with protons and neutrons), electrons • Molecules (or compounds) • What will you use to represent: different atoms, bonds between atoms • Polymers • What will you use to represent: molecules that make up the polymer, bonds that hold the molecules together