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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Cell Division Cell Reproduction The Cell Cycle Control of the Cell Cycle Cancer and the Cell Cycle ] Prokaryotic Cell Division Cell Reproduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Cell Reproduction > Cell Division Cell Division • The Role of the Cell Cycle • Genomic DNA and Chromosomes • Eukaryotic Chromosomal Structure and Compaction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-reproduction-10/cell-division-87/

  6. Cell Reproduction > The Cell Cycle The Cell Cycle • Interphase • The Mitotic Phase and the G0 Phase Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-reproduction-10/the-cell-cycle-88/

  7. Cell Reproduction > Control of the Cell Cycle Control of the Cell Cycle • Regulation of the Cell Cycle by External Events • Regulation of the Cell Cycle at Internal Checkpoints • Regulator Molecules of the Cell Cycle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-reproduction-10/control-of-the-cell-cycle-89/

  8. Cell Reproduction > Cancer and the Cell Cycle Cancer and the Cell Cycle • Proto-oncogenes • Tumor Suppressor Genes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-reproduction-10/cancer-and-the-cell-cycle-90/

  9. Cell Reproduction > Prokaryotic Cell Division Prokaryotic Cell Division • Binary Fission Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-reproduction-10/prokaryotic-cell-division-91/

  10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  11. Cell Reproduction Key terms • apoptosisa process of programmed cell death • binary fissionthe process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells • centrosomean organelle near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most organisms that controls the organization of its microtubules and gives rise to the mitotic spindle • chromatina complex of DNA, RNA, and proteins within the cell nucleus out of which chromosomes condense during cell division • chromosomea structure in the cell nucleus that contains DNA, histone protein, and other structural proteins • cyclinany of a group of proteins that regulates the cell cycle by forming a complex with kinases • cyclinany of a group of proteins that regulates the cell cycle by forming a complex with kinases • cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK) a member of a family of protein kinases first discovered for its role in regulating the cell cycle through phosphorylation • cytokinesisthe second portion of the mitotic phase in which the cytoplasm of a cell divides following the division of the nucleus • dwarfisma condition caused by a lack of growth hormone, resulting in short stature and limbs that are disproportionately small in relation to the body • G2 checkpointensures all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged • genea unit of heredity; the functional units of chromosomes that determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  12. Cell Reproduction • genomethe cell's complete genetic information packaged as a double-stranded DNA molecule • gigantisma condition caused by an over-production of growth hormone, resulting in excessive bone growth • growth hormoneany polypeptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that promotes growth and regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids • histoneany of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin • interphasethe stage in the life cycle of a cell where the cell grows and DNA is replicated • interphasethe stage in the life cycle of a cell where the cell grows and DNA is replicated • karyokinesis(mitosis) the first portion of mitotic phase where division of the cell nucleus takes place • karyokinesis(mitosis) the first portion of mitotic phase in which division of the cell nucleus takes place • locusa fixed position on a chromosome that may be occupied by one or more genes • mitotic phasereplicated DNA and the cytoplasmic material are divided into two identical cells • mitotic spindlethe apparatus that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis • mitotic spindlethe apparatus that orchestrates the movement of DNA during mitosis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Cell Reproduction • mutationany heritable change of the base-pair sequence of genetic material • nucleoidthe irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localized • nucleosomeany of the subunits that repeat in chromatin; a coil of DNA surrounding a histone core • oncogeneany gene that contributes to the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell when mutated or expressed at high levels • proto-oncogenea gene that promotes the specialization and division of normal cells that becomes an oncogene following mutation • restriction point(G1 checkpoint) a point in the animal cell cycle at which the cell becomes "committed" to the cell cycle, which is determined by external factors and signals • retinoblastoma protein(Rb) a group of tumor-suppressor proteins that regulates the cell cycle by monitoring cell size • sister chromatideither of the two identical strands of a chromosome (DNA material) that separate during mitosis • somatic cellany normal body cell of an organism that is not involved in reproduction; a cell that is not on the germline • spindle checkpoint(M checkpoint) prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle apparatus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Cell Reproduction Internal Checkpoints During the Cell Cycle The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints. The integrity of the DNA is assessed at the G1 checkpoint. Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G2 checkpoint. Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Control of the Cell Cycle. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44466/latest/Figure_10_03_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  15. Cell Reproduction The Cell Cycle The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase. During interphase, the cell grows and the nuclear DNA is duplicated. Interphase is followed by the mitotic phase. During the mitotic phase, the duplicated chromosomes are segregated and distributed into daughter nuclei. The cytoplasm is usually divided as well, resulting in two daughter cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 5, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44460/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  16. Cell Reproduction Function of the Rb Regulator Molecule Rb halts the cell cycle by binding E2F. Rb releases its hold on E2F in response to cell growth to advance the cell cycle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Control of the Cell Cycle. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44466/latest/Figure_10_03_04.pngView on Boundless.com

  17. Cell Reproduction Stages of the Cell Cycle Karyokinesis (or mitosis) is divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The images at the bottom were taken by fluorescence microscopy (hence, the black background) of cells artificially stained by fluorescent dyes: blue fluorescence indicates DNA (chromosomes) and green fluorescence indicates microtubules (spindle apparatus). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Cell Cycle. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44460/latest/Figure_10_02_02.pngView on Boundless.com

  18. Cell Reproduction Cell Division and Growth A sea urchin begins life as a single cell that (a) divides to form two cells, visible by scanning electron microscopy. After four rounds of cell division, (b) there are 16 cells, as seen in this SEM image. After many rounds of cell division, the individual develops into a complex, multicellular organism, as seen in this (c) mature sea urchin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44457/latest/Figure_10_00_02abc.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Cell Reproduction Cyclin Concentrations at Checkpoints The concentrations of cyclin proteins change throughout the cell cycle. There is a direct correlation between cyclin accumulation and the three major cell cycle checkpoints. Also, note the sharp decline of cyclin levels following each checkpoint (the transition between phases of the cell cycle) as cyclin is degraded by cytoplasmic enzymes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Control of the Cell Cycle. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44466/latest/Figure_10_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  20. Cell Reproduction Proto-oncogene Conversion to Oncogene Examples of ways to convert proto-oncogenes into cancer-causing genes (oncogenes). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Possible Pathways that turn Proto-oncogenes into Oncogenes."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Possible_Pathways_that_turn_Proto-oncogenes_into_Oncogenes.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Cell Reproduction Dwarfism Commodore Nut (right) was a famous circus performer afflicted with dwarfism. This was a result of a lack of Human Growth Hormone. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.CC BY-SAhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Barnum_and_Commodore_Nutt.jpg/365px-Barnum_and_Commodore_Nutt.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Cell Reproduction Binary Fission These images show the steps of binary fission in prokaryotes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Cell Division. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44467/latest/Figure_10_05_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Cell Reproduction Prokaryotic Genome Prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea, have a single, circular chromosome located in a central region called the nucleoid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Cell Division October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44459/latest/Figure_10_01_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Cell Reproduction Eukaryotic Genome There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in a female human somatic cell. The condensed chromosomes are viewed within the nucleus (top), removed from a cell in mitosis and spread out on a slide (right), and artificially arranged according to length (left); an arrangement like this is called a karyotype. In this image, the chromosomes were exposed to fluorescent stains for differentiation of the different chromosomes. A method of staining called "chromosome painting" employs fluorescent dyes that highlight chromosomes in different colors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Cell Division October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44459/latest/Figure_10_01_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Cell Reproduction Kinetochore and Mitotic Spindle During prometaphase, mitotic spindle microtubules from opposite poles attach to each sister chromatid at the kinetochore. In anaphase, the connection between the sister chromatids breaks down and the microtubules pull the chromosomes toward opposite poles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Cell Cycle. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44460/latest/Figure_10_02_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Cell Reproduction Activation of Cdks Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are protein kinases that, when fully activated, can phosphorylate and activate other proteins that advance the cell cycle past a checkpoint. To become fully activated, a Cdk must bind to a cyclin protein and then be phosphorylated by another kinase. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Control of the Cell Cycle. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44466/latest/Figure_10_03_03_prev.jpgView on Boundless.com

  27. Cell Reproduction Levels of DNA Compaction Double-stranded DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes that have the appearance of "beads on a string." The nucleosomes are coiled into a 30-nm chromatin fiber. When a cell undergoes mitosis, the chromosomes condense even further. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Cell Division October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44459/latest/Figure_10_01_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Cell Reproduction The Stages of Interphase and the Cell Cycle The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitotic phase. During interphase, the cell grows and the nuclear DNA is duplicated. Interphase is followed by the mitotic phase. During the mitotic phase, the duplicated chromosomes are segregated and distributed into daughter nuclei. The cytoplasm is usually divided as well, resulting in two daughter cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 4, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44460/latest/?collection=col11448/latestView on Boundless.com

  29. Cell Reproduction Cytokinesis During cytokinesis in animal cells, a ring of actin filaments forms at the metaphase plate. The ring contracts, forming a cleavage furrow, which divides the cell in two. In plant cells, Golgi vesicles coalesce at the former metaphase plate, forming a phragmoplast. A cell plate formed by the fusion of the vesicles of the phragmoplast grows from the center toward the cell walls and the membranes of the vesicles fuse to form a plasma membrane that divides the cell in two. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Cell Cycle. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44460/latest/Figure_10_02_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Cell Reproduction Function of Normal and Mutated p53 genes The role of normal p53 is to monitor DNA and the supply of oxygen (hypoxia is a condition of reduced oxygen supply). If damage is detected, p53 triggers repair mechanisms. If repairs are unsuccessful, p53 signals apoptosis. A cell with an abnormal p53 protein cannot repair damaged DNA and cannot signal apoptosis. Cells with abnormal p53 can become cancerous. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Cancer and the Cell Cycle. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44463/latest/Figure_10_04_01.pngView on Boundless.com

  31. Cell Reproduction Attribution • Wikipedia."mitotic phase."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mitotic%20phase • Wiktionary."somatic cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/somatic_cell • Wiktionary."interphase."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interphase • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44457/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Cell Growth and Division. November 5, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46034/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. November 5, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44460/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."nucleoid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleoid • Wiktionary."gene."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene • Wiktionary."locus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/locus • Wiktionary."chromosome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromosome • Wiktionary."genome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genome • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44459/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."nucleosome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleosome • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44459/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."chromatin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromatin • Wiktionary."histone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/histone • Wiktionary."interphase."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interphase Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  32. Cell Reproduction • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/mitotic-spindle • Wiktionary."sister chromatid."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sister_chromatid • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44460/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."centrosome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/centrosome • Wiktionary."karyokinesis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karyokinesis • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 21, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44460/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44460/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/cytokinesis • ptahumanphysiology Wikispace."03. Cell Physiology."CC BY-SA 3.0http://ptahumanphysiology.wikispaces.com/03.+Cell+Physiology • Wiktionary."growth hormone."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/growth_hormone • Wiktionary."gigantism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gigantism • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/dwarfism • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44466/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia."S phase."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_phase • Wikipedia."spindle checkpoint."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spindle%20checkpoint • Wikipedia."restriction point."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/restriction%20point • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/g2-checkpoint • Wiktionary."cyclin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cyclin • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44466/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  33. Cell Reproduction • Wikipedia."cyclin-dependent kinase."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cyclin-dependent%20kinase • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/retinoblastoma-protein • Wiktionary."cyclin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cyclin • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44466/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."proto-oncogene."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proto-oncogene • Wiktionary."oncogene."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oncogene • Wiktionary."mutation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mutation • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44463/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."apoptosis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apoptosis • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44463/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary."binary fission."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binary_fission • Wiktionary."karyokinesis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karyokinesis • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/mitotic-spindle • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Prokaryotic Cell Division. October 28, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44467/latest/ • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44467/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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