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1)TRANSLATE THESE WORDS.FIND THE DEFINITION. 1)GRIMACE 2)EXPRESSION 3)HUMAN 4)MUSCLE 5)SADNESS 6)PHYSIOLOGY 7)WRINKE 8)SIMILARITY 9)MINORITY A)BEING, RELATING TO, OR BELONGING TO A PERSON OR TO PEOPLE B)TO MAKE AN EXPRESSION OF PAIN, STRONG DISLIKE C)THE FEELING OF BEING UNHAPPY D)ONE OF MANY TISSUES IN THE BODY THAT CAN TIGHTEN AND RELAX TO PRODUCE MOVEMENT E)(THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF) THE WAY IN WHICH THE BODIES OF LIVING THINGS WORK F)THE FACT THAT PEOPLE OR THINGS LOOK OR ARE THE SAME G)THE ACT OF SAYING WHAT YOU THINK OR SHOWING HOW YOU FEEL USING WORDS OR ACTIONS H)A SMALLER NUMBER OR PART I)A SMALL LINE IN THE SKIN CAUSED BY OLD AGE
2)FILL THE GAPS The 40 or so muscles in the human face can be activated in different combinations to create thousands of expressions. But do these expressions look the same and communicate the same meaning around the world, regardless of culture? Is one person’s smile another’s grimace? Charles Darwin 1_______ that emotional expression was a common human feature. But he was in the minority. Until the mid-20th century, many researchers believed that the specific ways we show emotion were learned behaviors that varied across cultures. Personality theorist Silvan Tomkins was one of the few to insist otherwise. Tomkins claimed that certain affects— emotional states and their associated facial expressions— were 2______. In the 1960s, psychologist Paul Ekman set about testing this theory by examining hundreds of hours of film footage of remote tribes isolated from the modern world. Ekman found the native peoples’ expressions to be not only familiar, but occurring in precisely the situations he would expect. Conversely, he ran tests with tribes who had no prior exposure to Western culture. They were able to correctly match photos of different facial expressions with stories designed to trigger particular feelings. Over the next few decades, further 3______has corroborated Darwin’s idea that some of our most important emotional expressions are in fact universal. The degrees of expression appropriate to a given situation can, however, vary greatly across cultures. 4_______, researchers have studied facial expression in people who are born blind, hypothesizing that if expressions are universal, they would be displayed in the same way as sighted people. In one study, both blind and sighted athletes displayed the same expressions of emotion when winning or losing their matches. Further 5_______ can be found in our evolutionary relatives. Comparisons of facial expression between humans and non-human mammals have found similarities in the structure and movement of facial muscles. Chimpanzee laughter looks different from ours, but uses some of the same muscle movements.
2)CONTINUE Back in the 60s, Ekman identified six core expressions. Anger is accompanied by lowered eyebrows drawn together, tense and narrowed eyes, and tight lips; disgust, by the lips pulled up and the nose crinkling. In fear, the upper white of the eyes are revealed as the eyebrows raise and the mouth 6_______open, while surprise looks similar, but with rounded eyebrows and relaxed lips. Sadness is indicated by the inner corners of the eyebrows being drawn inwards and upwards, drooping eyes, and a downturned mouth. And of course there’s happiness: lips drawn up and back, and raised cheeks causing wrinkling around the eyes. More recently, researchers have proposed additional entries such as contempt, shame, and disapproval, but opinions vary on how distinct boundaries between these categories can be drawn. So if Ekman and other researchers are correct, what makes certain expressions universal? And why are they expressed in these 7_______ ways? Scientists have a lot of theories rooted in our evolutionary history. One is that certain expressions are important for survival. Fear and surprise could signal to others an immediate danger. Studies of humans and some other 8_______have found that we pay more attention to faces that signal threats over neutral faces, particularly when we’re already on high alert. Expressions also could help improve group fitness by communicating our internal states to those around us. Sadness, for example, signals to the group that something’s wrong. There’s some evidence that expressions might be even more directly linked to our physiology. The fear expression, for instance, could directly improve survival in potentially dangerous situations by letting our eyes absorb more light and our 9______ take in more air, preparing us to fight or flee. There’s still much research to be done in understanding emotional expression, particularly as we learn more about the inner workings of the brain. But if you ever find yourself among 10_______ in a strange land, a friendly smile could go a long way.
3)TRUE/FALSE 1)THE 40 MUSCLES IN THE HUMAN FACE CAN BE ACTIVATED IN DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS TO CREATE THOUSANDS OF EXPRESSIONS 2)JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCH THEORIZED THAT EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION WAS A COMMON HUMAN FEATURE 3)PAUL EKMAN RESEARCHED REMOTE TRIBES 4)THE ABORIGINES WERE ABLE TO CORRECTLY MATCH PHOTOS OF DIFFERENT FACIAL EXPRESSIONS WITH STORIES 5)BOTH BLIND AND SIGHTED ATHLETES DIDN'T DISPLAY THE SAME EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION WHEN WINNING OR LOOSING THEIR MATCHES 6)COMPARISONS OF FACIAL EXPRESSION BETWEEN HUMANS AND NON-HUMAN MAMMALS HAVEN'T FOUND SIMILARITIES 7)EXPRESSIONS ALSO COULD HELP IMPROVE GROUP FITNESS BY COMMUNICATING OUR INTERNAL STATES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
