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Explore the concepts of ethics in research and social psychology, including attributions, attitudes, and the effects of attribution. Learn how these principles can impact juries, employers, and individuals in various settings.
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It’s FRIDAY!!! February 2 • What is the median of the following number set? • 5, 8, 19, 22, 8, 13, 17, 6, 11 • What does it mean if something is ethical? • Give an example of how you have tried to explain someone’s behavior but have been wrong. • Name one success that you have recently had. Why were you successful? Name one failure that you have recently had. Why did you fail? • Today’s topic: • Ethics in Research and an Intro to Social Psychology • Upcoming Dates: • Homework: • Read 643-650 • Start unit 14 terms • Study • Research methods review: Watch crash course video on research methods (linked on my website) • Assessments: • Test: Thursday, February 8
Social Psychology • The study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. • 3 Themes • Social thinking • How we think about others. • Social influence • How we are influenced by others. • Social relations • How we relate to and interact with others.
Social Thinking Attributions Attitudes
Attribution Theory • Fritz Heider - 1958 • Suggests how we explain someone’s behavior – by crediting either the situation OR the person’s disposition • A teacher notices that one of his students is particularly hostile. • That boy has an Aggressive personality! • Internal attribution or her disposition • That boy must be really stressed out or have problems at home. • External attribution or situational
Examples • Mom yelled at me today. • Internal attribution • Mom is a nasty lady and enjoys yelling at me. • External attribution • Mom must have had a bad day at work. • Ryan bought an Atlanta Falcons football hat today! • Internal attribution • I realllllllllllllly like the Falcons and Matt Ryan is my favorite player!!! • External attribution • No one would admit that they were a Falcons fan about the 5 years ago, but they were in the Super Bowl last year and all my friends are routing for them, therefore I should get a hat because it’s cool(he hasn’t worn the hat since the Super Bowl)
Fundamental Attribution Error • The tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition • We often attribute OUR behaviors to external factors, while attributing others’ behaviors to internal dispositions • Mary is shy in class. • Observing this, we naturally think that she is a shy person -- it is an aspect of her personality. • Catch her at a party and she might seem like a completely different person.
Just-World Phenomenon • What does it mean if something is “just?” • Just-world phenomenon - the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. • Good is rewarded, evil is punished those who are rewarded must be good? Those who suffer must be bad? • Implications for approaching poverty, prison reform, etc.
Actor-Observer Bias • The tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes, while attributing other peoples behaviors to internal causes • People make different attributions depending on if they are the actor or the observer in a situation • Usually more pronounced in negative situations • Example: You’re getting ready to take a big test. • You fail to observe your own study behaviors (or lack thereof) leading up to the exam • But instead, you focus on situational variables that affected your performance on the test. • The room was hot and stuffy, your pencil kept breaking, and the student next to you kept making distracting noises all throughout the test
Homework: The Effects of Attribution • Our attempt to attribute others’ behaviors to certain things can have real consequences. • On a sheet of paper, discuss the following: • Discuss how our attempt to attribute someone’s behavior could effect a jury. • Discuss how our attempt to attribute someone’s behavior could effect an employer. • Discuss how someone’s attempt to attribute someone’s behavior could effect a person in school.
It’s Frida, February 3 • Give a recent example of how you’ve fallen victim to the fundamental attribution error. • Have you ever attributed someone’s behavior incorrectly when you were in a bad mood? Give an example. • Define attitude: • What is your attitude towards ______? • Give an example of how our behaviors are consistent with our attitudes. • Can you name a situation when attitudes follow behavior? • Today’s topic: • Attitude and Attitude Development • Upcoming Dates: • Homework: • Read pages 654-663 • Terms • Assessments: • Test: Thursday, February 9
The Effects of Attribution • Our attempt to attribute others’ behaviors to certain things can have real consequences. • Jury deciding whether a shooting was malicious or in self-defense. • Manager evaluating the poor performance of an employee. • Our attributions can change depending on our emotions AND the context. • A girl/boyfriend makes a snippy remark. • Happy relationship: remark could be attributed to the person having a bad day. • Unhappy relationship: the remark could be attributed to that persons’ personality.
Return to Warm-up ?s • Define attitude: • What is your attitude towards ______? • Give an example of how our behaviors are consistent with our attitudes. • Can you name a situation when attitudes followbehavior (the behavior comes first then the attitude is developed)?
Attitudes • Feelings based on our beliefs that influence our reactions and responses to people, objects, and events. • Ex: If we believe someone is mean, we may feel dislike for the person, and act unfriendly.
Attitudes Affecting Behaviors • We typically think in terms of attitudes affecting actions (common sense view). • Positive or negative attitudes affect our behaviors in positive or negative ways… • Sports teams - bonding and teamwork
Attitudes Affecting Behaviors • Central route persuasion • The central route to persuasion involves being persuaded by the arguments or the content of the message. • For example, after hearing a political debate you may decide to vote for a candidate because you found the candidates views and arguments very convincing. • Peripheral route persuasion • The peripheral route to persuasion involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content. • For example, after hearing a political debate you may decide to vote for a candidate because you like the sound of the person's voice, or the person went to the same university as you did.
Jessica is looking for car insurance. While watching her favorite show, she sees a commercial for Geico. The commercial involves former NFL football player Tiki Barber working in a barber shop. After seeing the commercial and laughing, she calls Geico to check if she can save money on her car insurance. • Central route or peripheral route? • Jessica is on her school's volleyball and basketball teams. While watching one of her favorite shows, she sees a commercial for a pair of shoes that claim to provide extra heel support and increase the height of her jump. The commercial also provides laboratory findings from three independent studies that support the commercial's claims about the shoes. Jessica decides that having the shoes will improve her performance, so she goes to the mall to purchase her very own pair. • Ford commercial • Central route or peripheral route?
Attitudes • Feelings based on our beliefs that influence our reactions and responses to people, objects, and events. • Ex: If we believe someone is mean, we may feel dislike for the person, and act unfriendly.
Attitudes Affecting Behaviors • We typically think in terms of attitudes affecting actions (common sense view). • Positive or negative attitudes affect our behaviors in positive or negative ways… • Sports teams - bonding and teamwork
Attitudes Affecting Behaviors • Central route persuasion • The central route to persuasion involves being persuaded by the arguments or the content of the message. • For example, after hearing a political debate you may decide to vote for a candidate because you found the candidates views and arguments very convincing. • Peripheral route persuasion • The peripheral route to persuasion involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content. • For example, after hearing a political debate you may decide to vote for a candidate because you like the sound of the person's voice, or the person went to the same university as you did.
Jessica is looking for car insurance. While watching her favorite show, she sees a commercial for Geico. The commercial involves former NFL football player Tiki Barber working in a barber shop. After seeing the commercial and laughing, she calls Geico to check if she can save money on her car insurance. • Central route or peripheral route? • Jessica is on her school's volleyball and basketball teams. While watching one of her favorite shows, she sees a commercial for a pair of shoes that claim to provide extra heel support and increase the height of her jump. The commercial also provides laboratory findings from three independent studies that support the commercial's claims about the shoes. Jessica decides that having the shoes will improve her performance, so she goes to the mall to purchase her very own pair. • Ford commercial • Central route or peripheral route?
