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Immune system and Cancer

Immune system and Cancer. Overview. Innate (nonspecific) defense system surface barriers internal defenses Adaptive (specific) defense systems humoral immunity cellular immunity Cancer. Innate (nonspecific) defense Surface Barriers. Skin

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Immune system and Cancer

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  1. Immune system and Cancer

  2. Overview • Innate (nonspecific) defense system • surface barriers • internal defenses • Adaptive (specific) defense systems • humoral immunity • cellular immunity • Cancer

  3. Innate (nonspecific) defenseSurface Barriers Skin - keratin - resists weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes and toxins - pH 3-5: inhibits bacterial growth - lipids in sebum are toxic to bacteria - dermcidin in sweat - toxic to bacteria

  4. Innate (nonspecific) defenseSurface Barriers Mucous membranes - Saliva and tears: lysozyme - enzyme that destroys bacteria - mucus in digestive and respiratory tracts capture bacteria - stomach acidity and enzymes kill bacteria - vaginal secretion acidity inhibits bacterial growth

  5. Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - phagocytes - NK cells - inflammation - antimicrobial proteins - fever

  6. Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - phagocytes - macrophages (WBCs) - neutrophils (WBCs) - microglia (brain)

  7. Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - NK cells Natural Killer Cells - in blood and lymph - lyse cancer cells and virus infected cells - secrete perforins and granzymes

  8. Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - inflammation - triggered by disruption of body tissue - prevents spread of damage - disposes of cell debris and pathogens - preps for repair

  9. Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - inflammation • The cardinal signs • Calor (heat) • Rubor (redness) • Tumor (swelling) • Dolor (pain)

  10. Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - inflammation

  11. Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - infection pus = dead WBCs (neutrophils) + dead tissue cells + pathogens (live and dead) abcess = walled off infection (by collagen fibers)

  12. Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - antimicrobial proteins 1) Interferons 2) complement

  13. Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - antimicrobial proteins - interferon

  14. Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - antimicrobial proteins - complement - 20+ different complement proteins - 2 pathways (classic and alternative) - cascade of events leads to amplification of inflammation, promotes phagocytosis, and causes cell lysis

  15. Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - fever - systemic response - Hypothalamus in the brain regulates body temperature - Pyrogens resets the temperature higher - secreted by macrophages and leukocytes exposed to foreign matter

  16. Adaptive (specific) defense characteristics - specific - systemic - memory 2 categories (both triggered by antigens) - humoral (antibody mediated) immunity - cellular (cell mediated) immunity

  17. Adaptive (specific) defense - antigens - large complex molecules not normally in the body - "non-self" - self-antigens - protein molecules on your cells that mark them as "yours"; these are antigens to other people - MHC (major histocompatibility proteins)

  18. Adaptive (specific) defense - types of cells - B lymphocytes (cells): humoral immunity; mature in bone marrow - T lymphocytes (cells): cell mediated immunity; mature in thymus (both lymphocytes are immunocompetent and self tolerant)

  19. Adaptive (specific) defense - types of cells

  20. Adaptive (specific) defense - types of cells - APCs (antigen-presenting cells) examples include: • dendritic cells (connective tissue and epidermis) • macrophages • B lymphocytes spleen: lymphocytes and APCs protect against blood borne pathogens tonsils: lymphocytes and APCs protect oral and nasal cavities

  21. Adaptive (specific) defense - humoral immunity

  22. Adaptive (specific) defense - humoral immunity

  23. Adaptive (specific) defense - humoral immunity

  24. mechanisms of antibody action

  25. mechanisms of antibody action

  26. Adaptive (specific) defense - immunological memory

  27. Adaptive (specific) defense - cell mediated immunity - T cells interact directly with antigen presenting cells (APCs) - T cells DO NOT MAKE ANTIBODIES! - T cells clear the body of cells that have been invaded by viruses (or other pathogens) - T cells reject tumor cells, transplants - T cells are responsible for some allergies

  28. Adaptive (specific) defense - cell mediated immunity dendridic cell T cell

  29. Adaptive (specific) defense - cell mediated immunity

  30. Adaptive (specific) defense - cell mediated immunity

  31. Adaptive (specific) defense - cell mediated immunity

  32. Immune imbalances - immunodeficiencies - when immune cells (any) behave abnormally (AIDS - cripples helper T cells) - autoimmune diseases - body cannot distinguish self - hypersensitivities (allergies) - immune system is overly sensitive to perceived threats (pollen, dander)

  33. Cancer characterized by cells that - divide indefinitely - lack a response to stop growing - can recruit a blood supply - can migrate - lack normal interactions with other cells

  34. Cancer - multiple mutations, multiple genes - proto-oncogenes - promote normal cell division - mutate to oncogenes - tumor suppressor genes - control normal cell division - mutate to become non-functioning

  35. Cancer

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