Adolescent Pregnancy

1. Adolescent Pregnancy Chapter 17

2. Background InformationAdolescent Pregnancy • Major Health Issue in the United States • One Million Teens Become Pregnant Each Year • Significant Costs to: Mother Society Child

3. Factors that Contribute to Teenage Pregnancy • Peer Pressure • Lack of knowledge about sexuality and contraception • Emotional Factors • Socioeconomic Factors

4. Physical, Psychological, and Sociologic Risks Preterm Births Preeclampsia Iron deficient anemia CPD Drug and alcohol use STD’s Interruption of development tasks Prolonged dependence on parents Lack of stable relationships with opposite sex Economic and social instability

5. Growth and Development Theories • Adolescence Age 11 and up • Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development • Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development • Erickson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development • Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

6. Discussion Adolescent Pregnancy

7. Care Plan Adolescent Mother

8. Antepartal Nutrition Chapter 18

9. Ability to Achieve Proper Nutrition General nutrition prior to pregnancy maternal age maternal parity Prenatal Vitamins Start Early in Pregnancy Take at Bedtime/Nausea Flintstone Chewable

10. Food Safety • Avoid swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tile fish- may contain potentially harmful levels of mercury • avoid raw fish • avoid undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, and hot dogs • avoid deli meats-occasional cause of food poisoning…..bacteria found in ham, salami, and bologna

11. Nutritional Needs of Pregnant Woman Calories fluids carbohydrates protein fat iron calcium Zinc Iodine Vitamins A & D Folic Acid

12. Maternal Nutrition: The Affect on FetalOutcomes Research Folic Acid Drugs Alcohol Caffeine Smoking

13. Attainment of Maternal Roles • Anticipatory Stage • Formal Stage • Informal Stage • Personal Stage

14. Fetal Development: Factors Influencing Embryonic and Fetal Development Amniotic Fluid Placenta Fetal Circulation Quality of Sperm and Ovum Genetic Code Adequacy of Intrauterine Environment Teratogens First Three to Eight Weeks Are the most Dangerous

15. Figure 11–11 Maternal side of placenta (Dirty Duncan). SOURCE: Photo courtesy of Marcia London.

16. Figure 11–12 Fetal side of placenta (Shiny Schultz). SOURCE: Photo courtesy of Marcia London.

18. Fetal Development Week 4 Week 6 Week 12 Week 16 Week 20 Week 24 Week 28 Week 32 Week 36 Week 38

19. Figure 11–18 The embryo at 5 weeks. The embryo has a marked C-shaped body and a rudimentary tail. SOURCE: Petit Format/Nestle/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc., 60 East 56th Street, New York, NY 10022, http://www. photoresearchers.com, info@photoresearchers. com.

20. Figure 11–20 The embryo at 8 weeks. Although only 3 cm in C–R length, the embryo clearly resembles a human being. Facial features continue to develop. SOURCE: Petit Format/Nestle/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc., 60 East 56th Street, New York, NY 10022, http://www.photoresearchers.com, info@photoresearchers.com.

21. Figure 11–22 The fetus at 14 weeks. During this period of rapid growth, the skin is so transparent that blood vessels are visible beneath it. More muscle tissue and body skeleton have developed, which holds the fetus more erect. SOURCE: Used with permission from Nilsson, L. (1990). A child is born. New York: Dell Publishing.

22. Figure 11–23 The fetus at 20 weeks. The fetus weighs approximately 435 to 465 g and measures about 19 cm. Subcutaneous deposits of brown fat make the skin less transparent. “Woolly” hair covers the head, and nails have developed on the fingers and toes. SOURCE: Used with permission from Nilsson, L. (1990). A child is born. New York: Dell Publishing.

23. Birth Defects Recently Been Linked to: Individual Behavior Environmental Factors Rubella Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Neural Tube Defects