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When did confederation begin?

When did confederation begin?. July 1 st , 1867 That is why July 1 st is “CANADA DAY”. What is Confederation?. An agreement between some colonies of BNA to join together Created a partnership between Francophones and Anglophones

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When did confederation begin?

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  1. When did confederation begin? July 1st, 1867 That is why July 1st is “CANADA DAY”

  2. What is Confederation? • An agreement between some colonies of BNA to join together • Created a partnership between Francophones and Anglophones • Established a central (Federal) government for Canada and Provincial governments with important powers • It established rules about Canadian society • Equality between French and English languages • These rules excluded the First Nations people of Canada

  3. Who was included: • Province of Canada • Ontario (Upper Canada) • Quebec (Lower Canada) • Nova Scotia • New Brunswick Who wasn’t included: • British Columbia • PEI • Newfoundland (NFLD) • Territories (Rupert’s Land) • FN

  4. Would you join into a partnership? • Pretend it is 10 years from know and you are moving out of your parent’s home. • You need to decide if you will have a roommate or not • Brainstorm the advantages and disadvantages of having a roommate • If you decide to have a roommate, what may make the process of living together easier

  5. Four Key Confederation leaders • In Canada East and Canada West four key political leaders emerged, formed an alliance and promoted Confederation to the British government and the other colonies of BNA to join • John A Macdonald • George-Etienne Cartier • George Brown • Etienne-Paschal Tache

  6. Key Confederation Leaders • John A Macdonald • came from Canada West • Wanted to create a nation from “sea to sea” • would maintain ties with Britain • Wanted to accommodate to achieve agreement- this included giving powers to provinces so they have some control over their own affairs • Became Canada’s first Prime Minister • George-Etienne Cartier • Came from Canada East • Wanted political change, but not to become a republic • Wanted powers for provinces that would ensure that the French language and Catholic religion continue

  7. Key Confederation leaders • George Brown • Came from Canada West • Didn’t support Confed. at first- thought Canada needed “Representation by Population” • This would give the English speaking majority the power • 1864- changed his mind about Confederation- wanted Canada to control Rupert’s Land and keep it out of the American’s hands • Etienne-Paschal Tache • Strong supporter of Confederation • Knew it depended on cooperation between leaders in Canada East and West • Led an alliance with John A. Macdonald (“The Great Coalition”) that was very important to the success of Confederation

  8. Confederation Leaders- activity • Break the class into groups of four. Using the profiles on page 238-239 each student in the group chooses one of the leaders to “be”. • Groups will work together to draw out information in these profiles. • Answer the following questions: • What are (at least) two problems that Canada East and Canada West faced? • Why did these leaders form an alliance? • What did these leaders have in common, and what differences did they have?

  9. Key Confederation Issues • Issue- Political Deadlock • Canada East and West will have separate provincial Governments with the power to make important decisions • Confederation created the “House of Commons” Seats in the federal House of Commons are allocated by population- “representation by population” • Confederation also created the Senate- their role is to represent regions of the country and defend minorities • Issue- American Annexation • Canada is one large country instead of smaller pieces which makes it easier to defend

  10. Key Confederation Issues • Issue- Independence of regions • Provincial governments have the power to make important decisions • Issue- Western expansion • As one large country Canada has more resources to meet this ambition • Issue- Trade challenges • The Intercolonial Railway links Maritimes to Central Canada, which improves trade among these regions

  11. Key Confederation Issues • Issue- Canadien Rights • Provincial government control decision about language and culture, and some decision regarding education • French and English are official languages • The protestant minority in Quebec and the Catholic minorities in the rest of Canada receive a guarantee of publically funded (government supported) schools • The federal government has the power to establish schools for Catholic minorities in any future province.

  12. Federal and Provincial powers in 1867 • -Agriculture • Immigration • taxation

  13. Confederation and First Nations • Confederation originally included “Two founding nations”- the Canadiens and the British in Canada • Elijah Harper took a stand on this and drew the following ideas into the conversation: • The First Nations were excluded from the negotiations surrounding Confederation and the agreement that established Confederation • In the society Harper envisions the First Nations have a right to participate in decisions affecting Canada • First Nations played an important role in the history of Canada • FN shared knowledge, technologies and resources that were essential to the survival of early European colonies and the success of the fur trade

  14. First Nations and Confederation • Colonies of BNA did not consult the First nations during the negotiations of Confederation • The idea of citizenship excluded the First Nations • 1857- Gradual Civilization Act: required FN people to give up their way of life before they could become voting citizens • 1867- BNA Act established Confederation. It made FN people the responsibility of the Canadian federal government (like the postal service) • Until 1960- Canada’s govn’t did not allow people with legal status is “Indian” to vote. Only thosewho gave up their status were allowed to vote

  15. The fathers of confederation standing, background, centre- • John A Macdonald - seated to the right of Macdonald- • George- Etienne Cartier - seated, front, centre- • George Brown - standing, front, right- • Charles Tupper Who is not in this picture? PS- this meeting shown in this scene never occurred

  16. Other provinces join confederation • 1867- Canada has four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick • Other land was claimed by British as colonies or territories • Colonies- has well-established settlements and governments elected by the settlers • Territories- not many settlers, governed by appointed British officials

  17. Other provinces join confederation • The colonies of British Columbia, Newfoundland and PEI joined Confederation as provinces with the rights and freedoms that came along with being a province. • The territories were simply transferred to Canada through an agreement between the British and Canada. The federal government was expected to control/run the territories without them having an elected assembly. • The people in Manitoba objected to this (In Ch 9 we talk about how important this was) • Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces as settler populations grew there.

  18. Confederation timeline • In your notebooks, recreate the timeline that is found on page 259 • Answer: • How long was it until all provinces had joined? • What year did the maple leaf flag become Canada’s official flag? • Why is the flag “neutral” and why is this important?

  19. British Columbia joins • Became a colony b/c of British settlements along the west coast following the explorations of George Vancouver (1792 – 1795) • 1857- the economy changes from fur trade to gold rush. The colony borrowed money to build roads and railways to the mining centres, promising to pay back the money • The gold rush died out and the colony was in deep debt in 1867 • Some colonists though they should join Canada, others thought they should join the US • The Canadian government encouraged the colony to join Canada and promised • To pay off their debts • To join BC to the rest of Canada with a railway

  20. Prince Edward island joins • Early 1870s- PEI in economic trouble • Many island farmers did not own the land they farmed. The farms were owned by British landlords to whom the farmers paid rent. This rent took money out of the province every year • 1873- PEI hoped Confederation would solve its economic problems, Canada hoped PEI would join rather than joining the US • Canada agreed to pay for the colony’s railway and to provide money to the government to buy the farms for the farmers • Government also promised a year-round ferry from the island to the mainland

  21. Confederation in PEI was accepted as a necessity- but they still had a celebration about it

  22. Newfoundland joins • 1867 and 1869- Newfoundland rejects Confederation- they had a strong identity and felt optimistic about their economic future • For almost 60 years NFLD had a success timber and fisheries industry • 1930s- counties around the world cut back on trade b/c of the Great Depression. This hurt NFLD and they could no longer pay for schools, hospitals and other needs of the citizens • 1934- Britain takes control of NFLDs affairs and remains under British rule until after WWII • WWII strengthens the NFLD economy and it becomes an important cetnre for supplying Britain from North America

  23. Newfoundland joins (2) • 1945- some Newfoundlanders want to regain their independence, others worried about hard times returning • Britain said it could no longer support NFLD if it fell on hard times • 1948- NFLD votes- majority decides to join Canada • Canada promises: • Pay the colony’s debts • Provide money to develop NFLD’s economy • Link NFLD to Canada with a ferry service

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