What’s in a Word…?

1. What’s in a Word…? Chapter 2

2. Whaddya Think? What do you think are the top ten printed words in English? List them… http://www.wordcount.org/main.phphttp://www.world-english.org/english500.htm

3. A Rose is a Rose…? • What’s the Part of Speech (formal class) of: • Bat • Slide • Plate • Home • Throw • Inning Prototypically… Stretching it a bit…

4. Nouns • Traditional Definition • Person, place, or thing • Linguistic Definition • Tangible item or intangible concept

5. Verbs • Traditional Definition • Action & ‘State of Being’ words • Linguistic Definition • Convey action or state of being AND • Carry grammatical information about • tense (pres, past, etc) • person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) • Other… (to be discussed in later chapters)

6. Adjectives • Traditional Definition • Modify nouns & other adjectives • Linguistic Definition • Modifies a nominal or adjectival(really close to the traditional definition…) • Modify: To change. To add information about. X

7. Get Some Exercise (2.2) • Make three sentences using “model” • Sentence 1 ~ “model” as a noun • Sentence 2 ~ “model” as a verb • Sentence 3 ~ “model” as ad adjective

8. Pronouns • Traditional Definition • Substitute for a noun • Linguistic Definition • Substitute for any Noun Phrase or nominal

9. Determiners • Traditional Definition • Usually only talk about articles (a, an, the) • Linguistic definition • signals a NOUN is on it’s way • gives grammatical information about the coming noun • Ø, a, an, the, some, few, much, many, this, that, these, those, my, Dave’s, etc.

10. Prepositions (& prepositional phrases) • It was Mr. Plum • After supper • In the library • With the hammer • For the sweet revenge • Think about it… • How do prepositions appear in sentences? • What purpose(s) do they serve?

11. Adverbs • Traditional Definition • Modify verbs, adjectives or adverbsw/ info about Time, Place, or Manner • Answer: Where, When, Why? How? • Linguistic Definition • Modifies non-nominal items • V, Adj, Adv, phrases, clauses, or sentences

12. Conjunctions • Coordinating • And, but, or, nor, so, yet, for • Join two equal elements • Words • Phrases • Clauses • Subordinating • That, while, because • Make one element weaker…

13. Get Some Exercise (2.1) • Identify the category of each word: Noun, Verb, Adj, Adv, Prep, or Pro “The market for audiobooks is very large.”

14. Some More Exercise • Write a sentence containing at least one of each of these parts of speech: Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Pronoun, Determiner, Conjunction • Show us the labeled sentence

15. Any Questions… …before we move on?

16. Morpheme Word(free) Morpheme(bound) Words & Morphemes • Word • Smallest ‘free’ unit • AKA: Free morpheme… • Morpheme • Smallest meaningful unit • Bound • Free

17. Morpheme Types • Monomorphemic • Root / Stem (≈ free) • Polymorphemic***Affix*** (≈ bound) • Prefix • Suffix • Infix (not English) • Circumfix (not English)

18. Antidisestablishmentarianism • What are the morphemes? • Which are bound? • Which are free? • What does each morpheme mean?

19. Derivation • The addition of a morpheme which causes the original word to change in meaning &/or grammatical category • (anti-dis-establish-ment-arian-ism) • anti = meaning change • dis = meaning change • ment = grammatical change (V  N) • arian = meaning change • ism = meaning change

20. Inflection • A morpheme which causes NO CHANGE in the original word’s meaning or grammatical category • Noun • _________, _________ • Verb • _________, _________, _________ • Adjective/Adverb • _________, _________

21. Now You Try…

22. Noun (Noun) -etary(N or Adj) -ian(N) Bug(root) Treeing • Word: • Bugetarian • Meaning: • One who eats only bugs • How I know • Bug= “root • -etary= having to do with • -ian= one who does…(compare “vegetarian) • Tree:

23. Any Questions… …before we move on?

24. To Make a New Word… • Derive (using a morpheme) • Create (out of the blue) • Compound (combine) • Shorten • Blend • Shift

25. Create • Marketing • Kleenex • Xerox • Echoic • Onomatopoeia • Ejaculations • Pee-yuu // Chinese: Pe

26. Combine • Compound • Mailman • Beware Stress • Greenhouse vs. Green House • Overtime vs. Over Time • Over Time… • Day’s Eye  Daisy

27. Shorten • Clipping • Omnibus  Bus • Zoological Garden  Zoo • Acronyms • TV • RADAR • SCUBA

28. Blending • A little of each • Smoke + Fog  Smog • Ebony + Phonics  Ebonics

29. Shift • Midlife Crisis  Change Jobs • Wrap • Hand • Chair • Lynch • Sandwich

30. How They Rate

31. Word Origin Exercise: Derive, Compound, Shorten, Blend, Shift Nicole Gibson, 26, took out six private loans to finance her education at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York. Like thousands of coeds across the U.S., Gibson was steered to private loans by her school's financial aid office and is now struggling to pay them off. Her monthly payments are $1,300 — almost exactly how much she earns each month as a graphic designer. With few places to turn to for help, Gibson contacted a number of lawyers to explore consolidation and payment-plan options, only to be told that nothing can be done.

32. Morphological Systems • Isolating • Each word is a free morpheme • (Chinese, Vietnamese) • Agglutinating • Words take multiple bound morphemes • (Turkish, Quechua, Swahili) • Inflectional • Meaning conveyed largely by inflection • (German, Classical Latin)

33. More on Morphemes • Rule governed • Have creative potential • Allomorphs • 2+ ‘surface representations’ of single UR

34. For “Tomorrow” • Exercises • 1,2,3,4,6,8,10,11,13,14,16,17,18,19 • 22,23,24,26Many exercises have multiple repetitions of the same skill. Do enough of each that you understand the concept… • Read Chapter 3