2/5 Thursday: Thought of the Day

1. 2/5 Thursday: Thought of the Day • World War I is going on in Europe in 1914. America stayed neutral until 1917. • Pick which one you agree with and write 3-5 sentences explaining. Think about wars that we have fought in the past and conflicts we are engaged in now… Which of the following statements do you most agree with? • War should be avoided at all costs. • War should be fought only to save innocent lives • War is a noble pursuit. • War should be used to gain territory and increase power. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ijk4j-r7qPA

2. Hi! I am President Cleveland. When my best friend passed, I became the legal guardian of his 11 year-old daughter... Funny/weird/awkward story: 10 years later, we got married! She remains the youngest First Lady in the history of the United States, having been just 21 when we got hitched! 2/6 Friday Before we get into the deets of WWI, we need to review some of our Presidents after Reconstruction to WWI. What quality do you think is the most important for a President to have? Defend your reasoning in 3-5 sentences. Agenda: TOTD 2-4th Finish MWBA questions President research: Due today!

3. 2/8 Monday • TOTD: • Analyze this photograph taken in 1914. Something will occur moments after this photograph that will be an immediate cause of the 1st World War. Tell me what you think is going on here… (3-5 sentences) • Agenda: • TOTD • Finish Ep4: Blood Spilled & ?s • World War 1 Into (notes are online if you want to move forward) • Standard 15 Chit Chat: The student will analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement in World War I

4. Basic facts OF ww1 • AKA The Great War • 1914-1918 • 4 years, 3 months and 1 week • Started with an assassination • US declares war in 1917 (we were only in it for about 7 months) • Over 9 million soldiers are killed • 21 million wounded • 1 million+ soldiers were killed in the infamous Battle of the Somme alone (about 30,000 in just 1 day) • Around 11% of the population of France was killed or wounded • About 116,000 Americans killed

5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWF2JBb1bvM • On Christmas Eve, 1914, both sides declared an unofficial truce and sang Christmas carols to each other • Football matches were played in no-man’s land • German and British soldiers exchanged food and souvenirs. • The ceasefire was known as the Christmas Truce. • The following Christmas, patrols on both sides had orders to shoot any soldier who did this.

6. Causes of the War -Lots of Instability in Europe M – militarism A – alliance system I - imperialism N – nationalism Old Empires Old Style Gov’ts - monarchs

7. MILITARISM • As the world entered the 20th century, an arms race had begun. • By 1914, Germany had the greatest increase in military buildup. • Great Britain and Germany both greatly increased their navies in this time period. • Further, in Germany and Russia particularly, the military establishment began to have a greater influence on public policy. • This is the development of armed forces & its use as a tool of diplomacy

8. ALLIANCES • Over time, countries throughout Europe made mutual defense agreements that would pull them into battle. So if 1 country was attacked, allied countries were bound to defend them… • Alliances before the War: • Russia & Serbia • Germany Austria-Hungary • France & Russia • Britain & France & Belgium • Japan & Britain

9. IMPERIALISM • when a country increases their power and wealth by bringing additional territories under their control. • Before World War 1, Africa and parts of Asia were points of disagreement among European countries. • This was especially true because of the raw materials these areas could provide. • The increasing competition and desire for greater empires led to an increase in confrontation that helped push the world into World War I.

10. Nationalism • Much of the origin of the war was based on the desire of the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer be part of Austria Hungary but instead be part of Serbia. • In this way, nationalism led directly to the War. • But in a more general way, the nationalism of the various countries throughout Europe contributed not only to the beginning but the extension of the war in Europe. • Each country tried to prove their dominance and power.

11. Alliances -Led to an arms race -Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy -Triple Entente (aka: the Allies) France, Britain, Russia

12. HOW DID THIS HAPPEN? • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia • Russia got involved to defend Serbia • Germany seeing Russia mobilizing, declared war on Russia • France was then drawn in against Germany and Austria-Hungary. • Germany attacked France through Belgium pulling Britain into war. • Then Japan entered the war. • Later, Italy and the United States would enter on the side of the allies.

13. Archduke and his wife emerging from the Sarajevo Town Hall to board their car, a few minutes before the assassination

14. Strategy -War starts IMMEDIATE CAUSE: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) June 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated him and his wife while they were in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was part of Austria-Hungary. This was in protest to Austria-Hungary having control of this region. -Alliances cause chain reaction to Austria-Hungary’s attack on Serbia after the assassination Serbia wanted to take over Bosnia and Herzegovina. This assassination led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. When Russia began to mobilize due to its alliance with Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia.

15. Alliance system… All of these alliances pulled one nation after another into the conflict: • Aug 1: Germany obligated by a treaty to support Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. • Aug 3: Germany declared war on Russia’s ally France • Germany then invaded Belgium… • So Britain declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary • So… war is on. UGH! • Confused? Watch this beginning at minute 5:50 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cd2ch4XV84s

16. Strategy -War develops into trench warfare (TW) after initial German advance failed to defeat France Picture having to spend your life in a dark, cold, and dirty sewer system. You can't see much through the darkness, you're constantly wet because of the water that's flooded the tunnels, and you're in danger due to dirty conditions, lack of visibility and disease-carrying rats. Now imagine that the tunnel is also filled with other people who want to harm you… -Germany wants to defeat Russia first if faced with two front war -Allies want to force fighting on two fronts and get help from U.S. • Trench Warfare • B/w German and Britain sides • method of fighting where opposing armies fought from and defended their territories using a system of dug out trenches/ditches. • opposing armies would be facing each other and have their own system of trenches

19. U.S. Neutrality • Many US citizens followed the war closely b/c they had ties to the nations from which they emigrated. • Many felt close to Britain b/c of a common ancestry/language/democratic governments. • Germans attacked Belgium and this increased our sympathy for the allies. • They attacked civilians, destroyed villages and churches and propaganda called them “the Bully of Europe” • ***** We had ECONOMIC ties with the allies more than the Central Powers • American trade w/ Britain and France was more than double its trade with Germany. • American manufacturers were flooded w/ orders for war supplies: dynamite, cannon powder, submarines, copper wire, armored cars, etc. -U.S. declares neutrality in the war -develops sympathy for the Allied cause- to ensure payment repayment of debts to US and to prevent Germans from threatening US shipping -Begins to export war materials -Submarine warfarebegins- Germans were really GOOD at this -Wilson wins 1916 election on slogan “He kept us out of war!” -isolationist policy!

20. Stalemate • -Trench warfare • Over the Top: having to leave the safety of the trenches and attacking the enemy • No Man’s Land: in b/w each system of trenches would be an open piece of land • neither side could safely occupy the area, it was too well covered by snipers, artillery, enemy infantry, barbed wire, mines • therefore no man could survive there. • -New Type of War • new technology/ submarines/airplanes • horrible weapons LIKE poison gas/mustard gas: Germans used it 1st, cleared large sections of soldiers from the front lines/Cholorine gas burns the throats of its victims and causes death by as­phyxiation.

21. Step-by-Step: • Britain (B) began to grow its Navy • B blocked the German (G) coast to prevent weapons and other supplies from getting through • American (A) ships carrying goods for G refused to challenge the blockade and rarely reached their destination • A had been angry at the B’s blockade b/c it threatened the freedom of the seas and prevented A goods from reaching G ports • G responded to the B blockade with a counter-blockade by U-boats • 6. Any B or Allied ships around B’s waters would be sunk. • 7. Lusitania sunk • 8. 1916 election Wilson wins • 9. Germany ignored Wilson’s calls for peace • 10. G announces that they will sink ALL ships in British waters (hostile or neutral) • 11. Zimmerman Note • 12. Sinking of 4 unarmed American merchant ships (36 lives lost) • 13. 1917: WE DECLARE WAR U.S. Enters War • -U.S. continues to export war materials: we shipped millions of $$ of war supplies to allies • -German u-boats sink any ships they find • Lusitania sinks, 1915: G torpedoes a B passenger ship believed to be smuggling arms • 1,198 died/128 wereAmerican • This increased pressure on President Wilson to enter the war. • Sussex Pledge: promise made in 1916 by G to the US. Early in 1915, they will give adequate warning before sinking merchant and passenger ships & provide for the safety of passengers and crew… (resumed in 1917 w/unrestricted warfare resumed)

23. We Almost didn’t Enter the war • On April 6, 1917, 2 days after the U.S. Senate votes 82 to 6 to declare war against Germany, the U.S. House of Representatives endorses the decision by a vote of 373 to 50, and the United States formally enters the First World War.

24. -Wilson wins 1916 election • calls for peace • BUT….. • -Zimmerman Note • Attempt to get Mexico involved in war vs. U.S. • Telegram from G foreign minister to the G ambassador in Mexico. • It was intercepted by British agents… • It proposed an alliance b/w M and G and promised that if war with the US broke out, G would support M in getting “lost territory” in Texas, Mexico and Arizona!!!!! • Mexico laughed…

25. The Triple Alliance nations were • a.France, Russia, and Great Britain. • b.Great Britain, France, and the United States. • c.Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. • d.Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary.

26. Which of the following was an immediate cause of World War I? • A) Imperialism of Great Britain • B) Economic competition between Germany and Great Britain • C) Assassination of the Austrian heir • D) Secret alliance between Russia and Serbia

27. Which of the following were new types of technology used during World War I? a) submarines b) airplanes c) Mustard gas d) All of the above