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The France of Napoleon III: Nationalism and Realism (1850-1871)

This chapter explores the reign of Louis Napoleon and the establishment of the Second Napoleonic Empire in France. It examines his domestic policies, economic prosperity, and foreign adventures, including the Mexican and Crimean Wars. The chapter also delves into the national unification movements in Italy and Germany during this time.

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The France of Napoleon III: Nationalism and Realism (1850-1871)

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  1. Chapter 22 An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871

  2. Timeline

  3. The France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd Napoleonic Empire • Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire • Used nationalistic & liberal forces to bolster his power • National Assembly rejected his call for revision of constitution to allow him to stand for reelection • Responded by seizing government by force (use of military) • Restored universal male suffrage and asked the people to restructure the French government by electing him president for 10 years so the empire be restored • Assumed the title of Napoleon III, December 2, 1852

  4. The Second Napoleonic Empire • Authoritarian government • Early domestic policies • Economic prosperity • Used government spending to stimulate the economy • Reconstruction of Paris • Built railroads, harbors, roads, & canals • Built hospitals & housing for the people • Baron Haussmann • Modernized Paris • Wider streets, sewage system, water supply, gaslights • Liberalization of the regime in the face of opposition • Legalized trade unions • Strengthened power of the government

  5. Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure • Sent troops to Mexico in 1861 to intervene in struggle between Mexican liberals and conservatives • Wanted Mexican markets for French goods • French forces remained after order had been restored • Installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as emperor in 1864 • French troops were needed in Europe • Maximilian overthrown and executed in 1867

  6. Foreign policy: Crimean War • The Ottoman Empire • Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire • Encroachment of the Russian Empire • Loss of territory • The War • Russian demand to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to the French) • Ottomans refuse; Russia invades Moldavia and Wallachia • Turks declare war, October 4, 1853 • Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854 • Austria remains neutral & does give the military support Russia was counting on • War ends in March, 1856 (Treaty of Paris) • High death count on both sides due to disease • Political effects of the war • Destroys the Concert of Europe • Austria & Russia now enemies • Russia withdraws from European affairs, so does Britain • Sets the stage for German & Italian unification

  7. Map 22.1: Decline of the Ottoman Empire

  8. The Crimean War

  9. National Unification: Italy • Kingdom of Piedmont • Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1878) of Kingdom of Piedmont • Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) • Napoleon III’s alliance with Piedmont, 1858 • War with Austria, 1859 • Northern states join Piedmont • Guiseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882) • The Red Shirts • Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860 • Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861 • Annexation of Venetia, 1866 • Annexation of Rome, 1870

  10. Map 22.2: The Unification of Italy

  11. National Unification: Germany • Zollverein, German customs union which began to unite German states economically • William I, 1861-1888 • Wanted military reforms – planned to double the army’s size • Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) • Reorganization of the army • Realpolitik – political realist, ruling by opportunity, not ideology • The Danish War (1864) • Bismarck always fought an isolated opponent • Schleswig and Holstein • Austria & Germany defeated Denmark & split control of the two territories • Joint administration with Austria

  12. Austro-Prussian War (1866) • Austro-Prussian War (1866) • Russia remains neutral out of anger over Austria not helping them in the Crimean War • Bismarck buys French neutrality by promising him land • Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866 • Prussian breech-loading needle gun had a faster rate of fire • Prussian troops moved faster due to network of railroads • Signed an easy peace with Austria to avoid creating a hostile enemy • North German Confederation – organized states, signed a military alliance with Southern states (mainly Catholic) • Bismarck proved nationalism & authoritarian government could be combined successfully • King & Chancellor (Bismarck) held the real power, but two houses of Parliament had elected officials from the German States

  13. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) • Two major powers in continental Europe were bound to clash (Prussia & France) • Dispute with France over the throne of Spain • Throne was offered to distant relative of Prussian King • Bismarck edited a telegram from the king to goad the French into war • French declaration of war, July 15, 1870 • Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870 • Entire French army & Napoleon III are captured • Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871 • France paid 5 billion francs • Gave up provinces of Alsace & Lorraine to Germany • Southern German states join Northern German Confederation • William I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of the Second German Empire

  14. Map 22. 3: The Unification of Germany

  15. Map 22.4: Europe in 1871

  16. The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy • Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867 • Creates a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary • Each monarchy had a separate constitution & legislature • German speaking Austrians and Hungarian Magyars dominate minorities • Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary • Some things in held in common • Army • Finances • Foreign policy

  17. Map 22.5: Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy

  18. Imperial Russia • Alexander II, 1855-1881 • Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861 • Peasants could own property, marry as they chose, & file suits in a court of law • Problems with emancipation • Government bought land from nobles & sold it to the peasants with long term installment plans • Land was often the worst available • Peasants worked for gov. instead of nobles • Zemstvos (local assemblies) • Dominated by noble landowners • Created a local system of courts & judicial code of equality before the law • Growing dissatisfaction • Conservatives & liberals were upset with reforms • Assassination of Alexander II (1881) • Populism – student & intellectual group looking to create a new society through revolutionary acts • Alexander is shot & killed by another radical group known as the People’s Will • Alexander III (1881-1894) • Return to traditional methods of repression

  19. Great Britain: The Victorian Age • Did not experience revolts in 1848 • Reforms • Economic growth • Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the age • Symbol of high morals and national pride – Victorian Age • Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) • Tory (Conservative) Party leader • Extension of voting rights • Reform Act, 1867 • Lowered voting requirements (taxes paid or income earned) • More male urban workers could vote

  20. William Gladstone (first administration, 1868 – 1874) • Leader of Liberal party (Whigs) • Liberal reforms • Civil Service Exams • Secret Ballot • Education Act of 1870 • Attempted to provide free public education at the elementary school level

  21. Nation Building: North America • The United States: Civil War and Reunion • Differences between North and South • The cotton economy • Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, 1860 • Civil War, 1861-1865 • North has the advantage • Grant and Lee and the war’s end • Emergence of the Canadian Nation • By 1800 want more autonomy • By 1837 several groups rebelled • The Dominion of Canada, 1867

  22. Map 22.6: The United States: The West and the Civil War

  23. Industrialization on the Continent • Continental industrialization comes of age (1850 – 1871) • Mechanization of textile and cotton industries • Growth of iron and coal industries • Fueled by the expansion of railroads • 1850 – 14,500 miles of track in Europe • 1870 – 70,000 miles of track in Europe • Elimination of trade barriers stimulated economic growth • Government support and financing • Joint-stock investment banks were crucial to stimulation of industrial development

  24. Marx and Marxism • Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto, 1848 • History is the history of class struggle • Stages of history • End result of history is a classless society • “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite!” • After 1848 Revolutions, Marx went to London • Marx, Das Kapital (writing on political economy) • International Working Men’s Association, 1864 • Organization for working-class interests

  25. A New Age of Science • Development of the steam engine led to science of relationship between heat and mechanical energy • Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease • 1863 – Pasteurization, process of heating a product to destroy organisms causing spoilage • Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights • Michael Faraday – generator • Science and Materialism

  26. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution • Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859 • All plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time • Those who survived had adapted to the environment • The Descent of Man, 1871 • Discussed the humans origin from animals • Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted • Later applied to society with social darwinsim

  27. A Revolution in Health Care • Pasteur and Germs • New Surgical Practices • Joseph Lister • New Public Health Care Measures • Public hygiene • New Medical Schools • Women and Medical Schools • Elizabeth Blackwell (1821 – 1910)

  28. Science and the Study of Society • Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857) • System of Positive Philosophy • Positive knowledge • Primacy of sociology

  29. Realism in Literature and Art • The Realistic Novel • Rejected Romanticism • Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), Madame Bovary, 1857 • William Thackeray (1811-1863), Vanity Fair, 1848 • Charles Dickens (1812-1870) • Realism in Art • Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) • Portrayal of everyday life • Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875) • Scenes from rural life

  30. Music: The Twilight of Romanticism • Franz Liszt (1811 – 1886) • New German School • Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883) • Development of a national opera • Ring of the Nibelung

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