Chapter 4,5,6,7

1. Chapter 4,5,6,7 Supply and Demand

2. Demand willingness and ability to purchase

3. Law of Demand • principle stating that when prices are high less will be demanded and when prices are low; more will be demanded • ex. Ice cream – when it is expensive, we don’t buy it. When it is cheap; we stock up. • This is from the viewpoint of the consumer! • Price  - Demand  • Price - Demand  • The arrows are moving in different directions. • Law of demand = different directions = both start with D!!!)

4. Demand Schedule • Table that shows the quantity demanded at every price

5. Demand Curve • Downward sloping graph showing the quantity demanded at every possible price in the market

6. Changes in Demand Curve • Income effect – Change in quantity demanded because of a change in the consumer’s real income when the price of a commodity changes • Substitution effect – a change in price = a relative change in price compared to other products consumers will buy it instead of something else

7. Changes in Demand Caused by: Consumer income Consumer tastes Price on relate products

8. Increase in Demand – Shifts Right

9. Substitutes • Goods or services that can be used in place of one another • ex. Tape/glue

10. Complements • Goods or services when used together increase in usefulness or value • ex. Mashed potatoes and gravy. Peanut butter and fluff…

11. Marginal utility • Marginal always means extra. • Utility is usefulness or satisfaction. • So, marginal utility = extra usefulness • Marginal product - extra output (THIS DOES NOT MEAN SURPLUS)

12. Principle of Diminishing Marginal Utility • Observation that people receive less and less satisfaction for every additional unit of a product consumed. • A classmate ate chocolate chip cookies until he didn’t want anymore. This student paid for every cookie he ate. The amount he paid decreased as he continued to eat the cookies. • This illustrated the point of decreasing SATISFACTION!

13. Paradoxical Demand • Where there is a high demand for a product or where the demand for a product increases even though the price for that product increases • Contradiction to the law of demand because it says they would buy less. • Usually occurs with substituting

14. Paradoxical Demand Curve • This acts “contrary” to the demand. • It does so because it is concerned with “inferior goods.” Inferior goods are items that low income families purchase.

15. Elastic • A change in price causes a change in demand. • Ex. Chewing Gum becomes cheaper or more expensive and our demand is affected

16. Inelastic • Achange in price has little or no affect on demand. • Ex. Eye glasses become cheaper or more expensive. We still purchase them. • Milk, gas, water, heating oil…

18. Supply • Stuff (quantity)

19. Law of Supply • Principle that states that more will be brought to market when the price is high and less when the price is low. • This is from the viewpoint of the producer or supplier. • Price  - Supply  • Price  - Supply  • Law of Supply = same direction = both start with S!!!)

20. Supply Curve • Up-ward sloping graph showing the quantity Supplied at every possible price in the market • Opposite the Demand curve

21. Changes on Supply • Effected by: • Cost of Inputs • Productivity • Technology • Number of sellers • Taxes and Subsidies

22. Increase in Supply – Shifts Right

23. Surplus - supply exceeds demand • Shortage - demand exceeds supply • Market equilibrium - intersection point of the demand and supply curve

25. Break- Even point • Amount of output needed for a firm to recover its production cost. • Ex. Monster Mitts cost me $80 to produce. At $8 a glove, I have to sell 10 in order to “break even!” • Point that must be sold before a firm begins to see a profit • Cost of producing a prototype and then mass producing/marketing/distributing it.

26. 3 Stages of Production • Increasing –Each additional workers contributes more than the previous worker and increases output • Diminishing – Production keeps growing but by smaller and smaller amounts as workers are added • Negative – total output begins to decrease because the cost of labor is greater than output produced.

27. Law of Variable Proportions • Principle that dictates that if one factor or ingredient is changed; the entire output is affected. • Ex. Mrs. Paul accidentally put a cup of salt in her batter rather than a cup of sugar. • She changed one ingredient/factor and it changed the taste of the whole batter

28. Principle of Diminishing Returns • economic law stating that additional units of input add less and less to the total product. • Ex. hot chocolate mix • Add the packet of powdered cocoa mix to 3 cups of water instead of ¾ cup as was stated in the instructions. • What do you get? - less and less hot chocolate flavor…less total product.