LEOCT STUDY GUIDE

1. LEOCT STUDY GUIDE 12TH Grade English

2. Anglo-Saxon Literature Anglo-Saxon Poetry • Elegiac – mourns the death of loved ones and the loss of the past • The Seafarer is an example of an elegy because it tells the bitter tale of a sailor who mourns the good old days of his hometown. • Epic Poem: Beowulf is an example of an epic poem because it tells the story of an epic hero in an elevated, poetic format.

3. Anglo-Saxon Literature cont. Anglo-Saxon Poetic Elements • Caesura – rhythmic breaks in the middle of lines, where the speaker could pause for breath for example: “Oft to the wanderer, weary of exile” • Kenning– two-word poetic renaming of people, places, and things for example: whales’ home for the sea and gray beards for old men

4. Poetic Devices • Rhyme Scheme: A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme. • Quatrain: a stanza or poem of four lines, usually with alternate rhymes. • Couplet: a pair of successive lines of verse, especially a pair that rhyme and are of the same length. • Octave: a group of eight lines of verse, especially the first eight lines of a sonnet in the Italian form. • Sestet: the last six lines of a sonnet in the Italian form, considered as a unit.

5. Poetic Devices, cont: • Iambic Pentameter: A standard line of iambic pentameter is five iambic feet in a row: • da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM • The tick-TOCK rhythm of iambic pentameter can be heard in Macbeth: • “How fair and foul a day I have not seen” • Internal Rhyme: rhyming within a single line of poetry • Ex: The cat in the hat. • Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sound • Personification: Giving human qualities to inanimate objects.

6. Renaissance Literature • Sonnets • 14 lines of rhymed iambic pentameter • sonnets written in series or group; most often written to or about a beloved • most common sonnet theme is love, often unattainable or unrequited love, or poetry itself • Dramas – plays or theatrical productions William Shakespeare dominated this literary time period!

7. Sonnets (English or Shakespearean) • Three 4 line quatrains plus a concluding 2 line rhyming couplet • Rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg • The quatrains raise a question, state a problem, or present a narrative • The couplet answers the question, solves the problem, or comments on the narrative

8. The Tragic Hero/Heroine • a literary character who makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw that, combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedy • fatal flaws can be physical, mental or character flaws • The tragedy can effect the tragic hero/heroine as well as many others around them • Conflict of Macbeth as a tragic hero?!? • What leads to his downfall? Hamlet Macbeth

9. Dramatic Elements • Stage directions - directions included in a script to indicate entrances and exits, movement, emotions, details of location, scenery and special effects; usually in [brackets] and always italicized. • Soliloquy - a long speech, usually by a character who is alone, that reveals inner thoughts and feelings to the audience (solo= alone) • Aside - a line spoken by an actor to the audience or another actor, but not intended for others on the stage

10. Irony: • Irony: a contradiction between reality and appearance or between the actual and intended meaning of words. • Examples: No man born of a woman – Macbeth • Burnam Woods marching on the castle – Macbeth • Frankie’s parents preaching against smoking – Angela’s Ashes • The Green Knight picking up his severed head – Sir Gawain • Sonnet 130 - his woman is ugly but he loves her anyway (social commentary)

11. The Romantic Period • Romanticism: a movement in art and literature occurring in England in the early 19th century that values imagination, intuition, self-expression, emotion, and non-conformity. • Mary Shelley: wrote Frankenstein • Jane Austen: wrote Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice Gothic Literature – takes the reader from the reasoned order of the everyday world into the dark and dreadful world of the supernatural

12. Literary Devices • Personification: the attribution of human nature or character to animals, inanimate objects, or abstract notions, especially as a rhetorical figure. • Hyperbole: exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. • Irony: the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. • Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sound

13. Allusion: • Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. • “Beowulf” alludes to: __________________ (biblical) • Frankenstein alludes to: ______________ (biblical)

14. Types of Writing • Informational: Informational/ explanatory writing conveys information accurately.  The writer’s purpose is to increase the reader’s knowledge, to help the reader better understand a procedure or process, or to increase the reader’s comprehension of a concept.  • Asks why or how? • Conveys info accurately • Author’s purpose: to increase knowledge, explain a procedure, or explore a concept in depth.

15. Types of Writing • Argumentative: An argument is a reasoned, logical way of demonstrating the writer’s position, belief, or conclusion.  The writer makes a claim and then defends that claim with information from credible sources. • The author’s purpose: to change the reader’s thinking, move the reader to action, or convince the reader to to accept the writer’s explanation of a problem or concept.

16. Research and Writing • Plagiarism: an act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization and the representation of that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting the original author. • How to avoid plagiarism: ALWAYS CITE YOUR SOURCE!!!! • Thesis: a subject for a composition or essay. • Needs to focused on ANALYSIS of a topic and not a summary of a story

17. Research and Writing: • Primary Source: pertaining to or being a firsthand account, original data, etc., or based on direct knowledge, as in primary research. • Ex: lab experiments, interviews, surveys, autobiography, etc. that YOU conduct yourself • Paraphrasing: express the meaning of (the writer or speaker or something written or spoken) using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity. • Purpose of an Outline: Establish main points and provide structure to a written body of work.

18. MLA Format: • Parenthetical Citations: (Authors Last Name Page Number) • Ex: (Shelley 148). • Work Cited (Book): Author’s Last name, First name. Title of the Book. Place of publication: Publisher, date of publication. • Ex: Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York City: Kaplan • Publishing, 2011. • Biography = written by someone else • Autobiography = author is the subject • How would you format parenthetical citations for a quote found on pg 48 of an autobiography of JFK? • (Kennedy 48).