Modelling Intellectual Processes: The FRBR - CRM Harmonization

1. Modelling Intellectual Processes: The FRBR - CRM Harmonization CIDOC 2006 Martin Doerr*, Patrick LeBoeuf** * Center for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas ** Bibliotheque National de France, Paris, France Gothenburg, Sweden September 12, 2006

2. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationThe Global Information IntegrationProblem • Dublin Core is inadequate for integration: • Mainly identification and access information (library format, finding aids) • No context analysis, no place of creation, fails to describe complex information structures and correlations • Core ontologies describing the semantics of metadata schemata are the most effective tool to drive global information integration: • As “superschema” wide enough to integrate complementary info (“local as view”), not as least common denominator • As virtual intermediate for “cross-walks”, info migration • Is there a virtual global schema? Dublin Core suggests that. The CRM has shown it for museums.

3. E19 Image E19 Physical Object Louvre INV.779 DOI:10.9876/MonaLisa.jpg The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationProblem: Cross-walks need a common ontology Dublin Core CIDOC CRM CIDOC CRM DC.Identifier: Louvre INV.779 DC.Type: Image FRBR FRBR Physical Object Conceptual Object Manifestation.Id: Louvre INV.779 Expression.Id: DOI:10.9876/MonaLisa.jpg AAT visual works BT ! BT ! material objects can only be at one place at a time! immaterial objects reside on carriers! paintings electronic images BT BT has type Louvre INV.779 oil paintings has type digital images DOI:10.9876/MonaLisa.jpg

4. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationLibrary and Museum Information • The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information. • The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) is a core ER model to integrate library information. • Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it. • Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustratedby museum objects. • Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly literature. Libraries may also produce literature. • Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do.

5. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationLibrary and Museum Information • Documentation tasks of museums and libraries overlap. • Museum and library information has complex interrelations. Museum and library information overlaps, and otherwise is different. • Museums and libraries can learn from each others methodology. • Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information • There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable language to integrate rich museum and library information. DC is good, but often too simple. There is FRBR, FRAR, CIDOC CRM.

6. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationThe Harmonization Project • Formation in 2003 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation: • A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group. • To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM. • To facilitate the integration, mediation and interchange of bibliographic and museum information. • After 7 meetings, a first complete draft of “FRBROO” for public comment. Definition available as text in the format of the CRM. • Other forms: A comprehensive text with all related CRM definitions and complete mappings FRBRER to FRBROO, OWL/RDF files, VISIO graphics. • Work continues with FRAR (Functional Requirements for Authority Records)

7. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationCRM • The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) • developed since 1996 by CIDOC / ISO TC46, ISO 21127 by 2006 • a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural heritage information • Innovations: • centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time. • explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and the identified. • typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the cultural-historical discourse. • Lacks: a model of intellectual work

8. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationCRM: history as meetings t Victory!!! coherence volume of second announcement coherence volume of first announcement 2nd Athenian Victory!!! 1st Athenian other Soldiers runner coherence volume of the battle of Marathon Marathon S Athens

9. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationFRBR • The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) • developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for Authority Files (FRAR) • A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation • Intended to formulate a new library practice • Innovations: • Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item. • Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels. • Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind. Partially ambiguous definitions (overgeneralization).

10. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationFRBR : Abstraction Levels has part has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation “a distinct intellectual or artistic creation… there is no single material object one can point to as the work...” Work isrealized through (is a realization of) has part “the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc” has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation Expression isembodied in (is the embodiment of ) “the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics… …may be only a single physical exemplar…” has part Manifestation isexemplified by (exemplifies ) has part “a single exemplar of a manifestation...” Item

11. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationResults – clarification of key concepts E28 Conceptual Object • The substance of Work is concepts (the idea). • Only through the comprehension of the concepts derivation is possible. • Complex Work: Continuation, possibly by others. F1Work F46 Individual Work F48 Container Work F21 Complex Work F43 Publication Work E73 Information Object • The substance of Expression is signs (the text). • An Expression can be “complete”. • The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression depend on the function. F2 Expression F23 Expression Fragment F20 Self-contained Expression F41 Publication Expression

12. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationResults – clarification of key concepts E55 Type immaterial Manifestation Product Type is a class of like items (the publication) F3 Manifestation Product Type E24 PhysicalMan-Made Stuff E84 Information Carrier An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation Product Type. Manifestation Singleton An Manifestation Singleton is an “original”. It may be a feature (e.g. Inscription) Item material

13. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationResults: The “externalization” process E65 Creation E12 Production E28 Conceptual Object F31 Expression Creation F40 Carrier Production Event F3 Manifestation Production Type R9 comprises carriers of R41 produced (was produced by) R49 created a realization of R22 created E24 Physical Man-Made Thing F1 Work E84 Information Carrier F2 Expression R45 created R10 belongs to type R56 is realized in F23 Expression Fragment F21 Complex Work F46 Individual Work F20 Self Contained Expression F4 Manifestation Singleton F5 Item

14. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationResults – “container work” The collected expressions are integral part of the container The Container Work adds Expression: may cause Work with empty expression F48 Container Work & F46 Individual Work F48 Container Work R13 is realized in (realises) R13 is realized in (realises) Overall Expression Additional Expression <Additional Expr.> R13 is realized in R13 is realized in Expression of Work X Work X Expression of Work X Work X Expression of Work Y Expression of Work Y consistent inconsistent

15. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationPublication Work - An Identity Crisis F43 Publication Work F21 Complex Work “Oliver Twist” Publication Concept “Oliver Twist” Idea Publisher’s Level R12 has member (is mem ber of) F46 Individual Work R56 is realized in (r ealises) “Oliver Twist” Completed F45 Publication Event R56 is re alized in (real ises) “Oliver Twist” published! R55 created produ ction plan (was created by) R11B forms part of (is composed of) F41 Publication Expression F20 Self-Contained Expression “Oliver Twist” Publication content “Oliver Twist” Text F39 Production Plan “Oliver Twist” Plan CLR5 should carry (should be carr ied by) P128B is carried by (carries) R39B was followed by (foll owed) F3 Manifestation-Product Type R38 produced things of type (was produced by) “Oliver Twist” Publication Author’s Level R10B is type of (belongs to type) F4 ManifestationSingleton F40 Carrier Production Event “Oliver Twist” Manuscript R41 produced (was produced by F5 Item “Oliver Twist” Printing “Oliver Twist” 20th Book

16. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationResults summary • Topics solved: • Explicit modeling of the processes behind FRBR attributes. • The substance of Work, Expression and Manifestation • Conception of a Work. What is its identity, its parts? Can a work be continued by other persons? Can it contain other Work, and in which sense? • Expression fragments, parts, aggregates and collections: criteria of completeness, containment, reuse and intellectual contribution. • What is the contribution and product of thepublisher. • What is the first realization of a work in a symbolic form? What is the role of a manuscript, of a digital file, a written diskette in that process? • The equivalence of electronic and material publishing.

17. The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationConclusions • The combined model CRM – FRBROO: • Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization • On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated discourse. • On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical events of the CRM. • clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR • Further work: • FRAR (Authority records), • modeling equivalence with performing arts. SEE: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr