OFFICE OF SCIENCE

1. OFFICE OFSCIENCE Energy Research in the Geosciences or Geosciences Research in Energy Teaching About Energy in Geosciences Courses: Current Research and Pedagogy May 17, 2009 Nicholas B. Woodward Geosciences Research Program Office of Basic Energy Sciences

2. Laptops Users Beware NY Times – Lithium:February 3, 2009 In Bolivia, Untapped Bounty Meets Nationalism By SIMON ROMERO UYUNI, BOLIVIA — In the rush to build the next generation of hybrid or electric cars, a sobering fact confronts both automakers and governments seeking to lower their reliance on foreign oil: almost half of the world’s lithium, the mineral needed to power the vehicles, is found here in Bolivia — a country that may not be willing to surrender it so easily. Japanese and European companies are busily trying to strike deals to tap the resource, but a nationalist sentiment about the lithium is building quickly in the government of President Evo Morales, an ardent critic of the United States who has already nationalized Bolivia’s oil and natural gas industries.

3. What Kind of Energy? Light Heat Transportation Other …? Where? Why?

4. Energy Research Objectives? Energy Security: Issues - Coal is domestic, significant hydrocarbon imports Answers – Hybrid Vehicles, Coal to Liquids, Oil/Tar Sands Energy and Environmental Quality: Pollution Control – Issues – Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act Answers – NG fired power plants, CAFÉ standards, Hybrid Vehicles, Zero Emissions Vehicles Climate Change – Issues – Greenhouse Gas Emissions Answers – Non-Greenhouse gas emitting power, Zero Emission Vehicles Industrial Approach over 40 Years – Efficiency – pollution/emissions not created need not be cleaned up or have cost penalties.

5. Trends in Energy Bulk Commodity Based Energy to Technology Based Energy Distributed Energy to Centralized Energy to Distributed Energy Fireplaces to 1000Mw Electric Power Plants to Solar Cells or Ground Source Heat Pumps on Homes Distributed Energy to Centralized Energy Horses to Cars to Mass Transit

6. Energy sources and consumption sectors in the U.S. 6

7. U.S. Energy Flow, 1950 (Quads) At midcentury, the U.S. used 1/3 of the primary energy used today and with greater overall efficiency ~ 34 Quads of Energy 12” TV, no interstate system

8. U.S. Energy Flow, 2007 (Quads = Quadrillion BTU = 1015 BTU) About 1/3 of U.S. primary energy is imported Exports 5.4 Quads Domestic Production: 71.7 Quads Consumption: 101.6 Quads Energy Consumption Energy Supply (Quads) Imports: 34.6 Quads Adjustments ~1 ~ 100 Quads of Energy

9. Domestic 67% Supply 107 Quads Consume 102 Quads Fossil 85% Imports 33% Nuclear 8% Renewable 7% U.S. Energy Flow, 2007 (Quads) 85% of primary energy is from fossil fuels Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation 9

10. U.S. Energy Flow, 2006 (Quads) >70% of primary energy for the transportation sectorand >60% of primary energy for electricity generation/use is lost 10 Source: LLNL 2008; data are based on DOE/EIA-0384(2006). Credit should be given to LLNL and DOE.

11. 40 Petroleum U.S. Energy Consumption by Source Jet engine,1930s-40s 30 Hydroelectric Power Natural Gas Quadrillion Btu 20 Incandescent lamp, 1870s Four-stroke combustion engine, 1870s Coal Nuclear Electric Power 10 Wood Watt Steam Engine, 1782 0 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 CP-1 reactor, 1942 REA, 1935 Centuries of Fuel Usage in North America plus Coal Metals plus Petroleum “Economic/Energy” Geology 11

12. 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O 40 Petroleum High Tc superconductor 30 Hydroelectric Power Natural Gas Quadrillion Btu 20 Solid-state lighting and many other applications of quantum confinement O Mn Coal Nuclear Electric Power Peta-scale computing Mn O Mn O 10 O Mn Bio-inspired nanoscale assemblies –self-repairing and defect-tolerant systems. Mn O O Wood O Mn Mn O photosystem II 0 Mn O O 1850 1900 1950 2000 • World-wide supply and distribution of petroleum reserves • Environmental impacts of fossil fuels What Will the21st Century Bring? 21st century technologies will exert control at the atomic, molecular, and nanoscale levels. CCS plus Nuclear fuel/ nuclear waste There are 2 imperatives for change in the 21st century:

13. Key RD&D Strategies Electric Energy Storage Electricity Distribution Fuel Switching End-use Efficiency Zero-net-emissions Electricity Generation Carbon Capture and Sequestration Conservation Fuel Switching Climate/Environment Impacts 13 Source: LLNL 2008; data are based on DOE/EIA-0384(2006). Credit should be given to LLNL and DOE.

14. Overall Efficiency of an Incandescent Bulb  2%Lighting accounts for  22% of all electricity usage in the U.S. Waste heat No energy “loss” value assigned to getting the coal from the ground to the power plant (mining, transportation, etc) Waste heat Example of energy lost during conversion and transmission. Imagine that the coal needed to illuminate an incandescent light bulb contains 100 units of energy when it enters the power plant. Only two units of energy eventually light the bulb. The remaining 98 units are lost along the way, primarily as heat.

15. Other Kinds of Energy? Elemental Needs for large scale Photovoltaic production in the U.S. Also of interest are Neodymium (for high performance permanent magnets in motors), Indium (transparent conducting oxide for flat panel displays, etc.), Gallium (used in a variety of solid state lighting devices), Gadolinium (potentially of use in high performance magnetic refrigeration), Cobalt (also used in some Li ion batteries), Samarium (used in SaCo permanent magnets with better temperature characteristics than NdFeB), etc.

16. How Will Geosciences Influence Energy Technology? New Energy Minerals Water Resources for Electricity Generation Fuel Switching Carbon Capture and Sequestration Find New Resources, ex. Coal Bed Methane, Methane Hydrates Waste Disposal Computers Solar cells Fuel Rods Produced Water CO2 Fuel Switching Water for biofuels Climate/Environment Impacts 16 Source: LLNL 2008; data are based on DOE/EIA-0384(2006). Credit should be given to LLNL and DOE.

17. One Strategy: Emphasize Climate Change MitigationStabilization Wedges: Pacala and Socolow Challenge for CO2 Stabilization for Kids and Lawmakers 17

18. Stabilization Wedges:Two Emission Scenarios Define the Stabilization Triangle 7 wedges are needed to build the stabilization triangle. Each avoids 1 billion tons of carbon emissions per year by 2055 Emissions-doubling path

19. The Wedge Stabilization Game Pieces

20. An Energy Challenge • Store intermittent solar and wind electricity • Electrify transportation with plug-in hybrids and electric cars 30 Energy Storage Density batteries: 30-50x less energy density than gasoline gasoline ethanol 20 impossible dream: x10 improvement methanol hydrogen compounds (target) Energy/volume combustion chemical + fuel cells = electricity 10 beyond batteries: chemical storage + fuel cells = electricity batteries compressed hydrogen gas super capacitors 0 0 10 20 30 40 Energy/weight chemical storage electrical storage electro-chemical storage breakthroughs needed x2-5 increase in battery energy density x10-20 increase through chemical storage + fuel cells http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/BESAC/Meetings.html#0209 George Crabtree presentation

21. Another Strategy: Focus on Both Energy Security and on Climate Positive Climate Characteristics Power Sector (this size corresponds to 20 B kWh) Transport Sector (this size corresponds to 100,000 barrels of oil per day) For details on the assumptions underlying the options, go to www.wri.org/usenergyoption 21

22. Why Study Science? Catastrophic Utilitarian George F. Will, Thursday, May 22, 2003 (from his comments on When Krakatoa Blew by S. Winchester) “Geology has joined biology in lowering mankind's self-esteem. Geology suggests how mankind's existence is contingent on the geological consent of the planet. Although the planet is hospitable for the moment, it is indifferent -- eventually it will be lethally indifferent -- to its human passengers.” 1998 House of Representatives Committee on Science Report: “the role of science has evolved to emphasize economic development, independence, and the ability to address issues in our country - and in the world that have scientific and technological solutions” Inspirational Rick Weiss, Washington Post, April 10, 2005 “… Americans have lost sight of the value of non-applied, curiosity driven research – the open-ended sort of exploration that doesn’t know exactly where it is going but so often leads to big payoffs…. Why should we care about this demand for results before the research begins?....Because our knowledge of the world and our support of knowledge for knowledge’s sake is a core measure of our success as a civilization.”

23. Key Science Education Questions What do we want our students to know ? Why do we want them to know it ? What would motivate students to pursue this field of study? Do we provide maximum information and hope some sticks, or Do we provide the bare bones and demand it all sticks? Undergraduate level objectives ? Graduate level objectives? Career level objectives?

24. Improving Energy Education • Public outreach to demonstrate importance of research related to: • Energy efficiency and conservation • Green energy technologies • Improvements of existing fossil fuel and nuclear power systems • Greenhouse gas emission reductions • Modify traditional disciplinary system at University level (such as Geology) to a more integrated, multidisciplinary approach (Energy Systems) • Provide training and inspiration for the next generation of scientists, engineers, policymakers, and citizens CURE NIMBY

25. Department of Energy New Activities • 2009 Office of Fossil Energy Budget – ARRA 2009 – • $20M to be available for Geologic Sequestration Training • 2010 DOE Budget • RE-ENERGYSE (Regaining our ENERGY Science and Engineering Edge) The Department will launch a comprehensive K-20+ science and engineering initiative, funded at $115M in FY 2010….See Energy.Gov 2010 Budget for details

26. Illumination of the Night Sky 2/3 of the U.S population has lost naked-eye visibility of the Milky Way Where to from here? http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=1438l 26

27. Web resources: • http://www.science.doe.gov/SC-2/Deputy_Director-speeches-presentations.htm • http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/bes.html • http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/archives/summaries.html • http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html • http://www.fossil.energy.gov/ • http://www.eere.energy.gov/ • http://www.eia.doe.gov/ • http://www.energy.gov/sciencetech/carbonsequestration.htm

28. Geosciences Research Program 2007 DePaolo, D. and Orr, F., 2007, Basic Research Needs for Geosciences Workshop, Office of Basic Energy Sciences; http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files/GEO_rpt.pdf Thank You