17.1 The History of Life

1. 17.1 The History of Life The history of life on Earth is filled with mystery and violence.

2. Upcoming Events Wednesday, July 11 Ch. 16.2 Quiz Ch. 15.3, 16.2 notes check

3. Fossils and Ancient Life • Paleontologists are scientists who study fossils. • All the information accumulated by paleontologists about past life is called the fossil record. • The fossil record shows how different groups of organisms, including species, have changed over time.

4. Fossils and Ancient Life More than 99 percent of all species of life on Earth that have ever lived have become extinct, which means the species died out.

5. How Fossils Form • For a fossil to form, either the remains of the organism or some trace of its presence must be preserved. For every organism that leaves a fossil, many more die without leaving a trace. • The quality of fossil preservation varies. Occasionally, some organisms are buried quickly in fine grained clay or volcanic ash so they are perfectly preserved.

6. How Fossils Form Most fossils form in layers of sedimentary rock, which forms when rock is broken down in to tiny particles of sand, building up layers of sediment which buries dead organisms.

7. Interpreting Fossil Evidence • Paleontologists determine the age of fossils using 2 techniques: relative dating and radioactive dating.

8. Relative Dating • In relative dating, the age of a fossil is determined by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock. • Scientists also use index fossils to compare the relative ages of fossils. To be used as an index fossil, a species must be easily recognized and must have existed for a short period but had a wide geography.

9. Relative Dating Relative dating allows paleontologists to estimate a fossil’s age compared with that of other fossils

10. Paradoxidespinus (trilobyte) What period in geologic time does this animal come from?

11. Radioactive Dating • Scientists use radioactive decay to assign absolute ages to rocks. Some elements found in rocks are radioactive. • A half-life is the length of time required for half the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay.

12. Radioactive Dating Radioactive Dating is the use of half-lives to determine the age of a sample

15. Geologic Time Scale Paleontologists use divisions of the Geologic Time Scale to represent evolutionary time. Geologic divisions vary in duration by many millions of years. Although few multicellular fossils exist from this time, precambrian time actually covers about 88 percent of Earth’s history.

17. Eras • Geologists divide the time between the Precambrian and the present into three eras. They are the Paleozoic Era, the Mesozoic Era, and the Cenozoic Era. • The Mesozoic is known as the age of dinosaurs, and the most recent era is the Cenozoic, which is sometimes called the age of mammals.

18. Periods • Eras are subdivided into periods, which range in length from tens of millions of years to less than 2 million years. Many periods are named for places around the world where geologists found fossils of that period. Cambrian, for example, refers to Cambria (Wales).