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Immune System

Immune System. Primary Function: To protect your body from pathogens. Pathogens: Bacteria, viruses, fungus, or proteins that causes illness. Spleen : stores lymphocytes and filters blood Thymus : where T cells mature Bone marrow : where blood cells are formed. Types of Immunity.

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Immune System

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  1. Immune System Primary Function: To protect your body from pathogens. Pathogens: Bacteria, viruses, fungus, or proteins that causes illness. Spleen: stores lymphocytes and filters blood Thymus: where T cells mature Bone marrow: where blood cells are formed

  2. Types of Immunity Innate Immunity: - present before exposure to pathogens - is nonspecific Acquired Immunity: - develops after exposure to pathogens - is very specific

  3. Innate Immunity: External Skin - physical barrier that prevents entry of pathogens- secretions from the skin cause it to be acidic enough to prevent colonization of many pathogens

  4. Innate Immunity: External Mucous membranes - Produce mucus, a fluid that traps pathogens - Can contain enzymes like lysozyme that digest the cell walls of many pathogens

  5. 10m Figure 43.3 Innate Immunity: External Cilia - In the trachea, ciliated epithelial cells sweep upward, preventing the microbes from entering the lungs

  6. Innate Immunity: Internal Phagocytic cells: attach to their prey using surface receptors and engulf them (endocytosis), forming a vacuole that fuses with a lysosome. Macrophages are a type of phagocytic cell.

  7. Innate Immunity: Internal Natural Killer cells: Attack virus-infected cells and cancer cells. Cause apoptosis (cell death) in the cells they attack.

  8. Blood clot Pin Pathogen Macrophage Blood clotting elements Chemical signals Phagocytic cells Phagocytosis Capillary Red blood cell Fluid, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements move from the blood to the site. Clotting begins. 1 Chemical signals released by activated macrophages and mast cells at the injury site cause nearby capillaries to widen and become more permeable. Neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose pathogens and cell debris at the site, and the tissue heals. Chemokines released by various kinds of cells attract more phagocytic cells from the blood to the injury site. 4 2 3 Innate Immunity: Internal Inflammatory Response: injured cells release chemicals (histamines) that cause phagocytic cells to gather at the site.

  9. Acquired Immunity Antibodies: Proteins that recognize foreign molecules and mark them for destruction.

  10. Acquired Immunity B cells and T cells: - Circulate in the blood - Made in bone marrow - B cells produce antibodies - T cells attack pathogens

  11. Acquired Immunity Primary Response: B or T cells recognize the pathogen and reproduce. This creates many new cells, including memory cells.

  12. 1 Secondary response to anti- gen A produces antibodies to A; primary response to anti- gen B produces antibodies to B Day 1: First exposure to antigen A 4 Primary response to antigen A produces anti- bodies to A 2 Day 28: Second exposure to antigen A; first exposure to antigen B 3 104 103 Antibody concentration (arbitrary units) 102 Antibodies to A Antibodies to B 101 100 35 28 21 42 49 56 0 14 7 Figure 43.13 Time (days) Acquired Immunity Secondary Response: Memory cells cause a faster, more efficient response to a pathogen

  13. IgE Allergen Histamine 1 3 2 Granule Mast cell Figure 43.20 Allergies Allergies overly sensitive response by your immune system to a molecule (allergens) Cause: Cells in your immune system release histamines that cause an inflammatory response

  14. Infectious Diseases Any disease caused by “germs” that can be spread from one person to another. Germs include viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

  15. Infectious Diseases: Whooping cough Cause: Bacterial (Bordetella pertussis) Symptoms: Severe coughing fits that can cause fractured ribs, fainting, artery tears Spread: Direct contact with mucus from the nose/throat of infected individuals Prevention: Vaccine

  16. Infectious Diseases: HIV/AIDS Cause: Viral Symptoms: Initially, few, if any. May have flu-like symptoms. Over time, immune system is weakened because T cells are killed. Spread: Contact with bodily fluids Prevention: Avoid body fluids from infected individuals

  17. Vaccines • Improve your immune systems ability to fight off a pathogen. • Include a weakened or killed form of the pathogen or part of a pathogen. • Stimulates the immune system to recognize the pathogen and create memory cells.

  18. Infectious Diseases: Strep Throat Cause: Bacterial Symptoms: Fever, sore throat with white patches Spread: Airborne (saliva or nasal secretions) Prevention: Avoid contact with infected individuals, wash hands, keep hands away from face

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