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Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System

Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System. NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?. I. Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands. A. Exocrine. - have ducts (tubes made of cells) that carry secretion products to an outside surface.

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Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System

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  1. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? I. Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands A. Exocrine - have ducts (tubes made of cells) that carry secretion products to an outside surface Ex. Sweat (eccrine), sebaceous, mammary, digestive (pancreas, liver, gall bladder), etc… Remember that the lining of your digestive tract, nephron tubules, etc… are external surfaces – you do not need to cross any cell layers to get there.

  2. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? I. Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands B. Endocrine - ductless, hormones secreted into blood - IMPORTANT: hormones circulate and influence ONLY cells with receptors for them (target cells) - >50 known hormones in vertebrates There are two main types of hormone secreting cells 1. Endocrine cells, which typically secrete their hormone in response to a chemical stimulus like a ligand or an environmental change like high glucose levels that triggers signal transduction. 2. Neurosecretory cells, which are neurons (wire-like cells that transmit electrical signals) that secrete hormones. These cells are typically activated by an electrical signal and use electrical signals to secrete their hormones. Most are found in the hypothalamus – the master endocrine organ Fig. 26.1

  3. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System A. Endocrine glands B. Chemical regulatory system of body Ex. Regulates metabolic rate, growth, maturation, reproduction, blood glucose, blood calcium, etc… Nervous system = other regulatory system of body Why do we need two regulatory systems? Endocrine = slower and more prolonged (long-lasting) effect Both systems work closely together (interdependent) Fig. 26.3

  4. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones i. Amino acid based (3 types) 1. amine (modified amino acid) - ex. epinephrine 2. Peptide - ex. gastrin 3. protein hormones - ex. insulin epinephrine gastrin insulin

  5. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones i. Amino acid based (3 types) 1. amine (modified amino acid) 2. Peptide 3. protein hormones How do amino acid based hormones “talk” to cells? 4. Bind and activate surface receptors (can’t cross PM) 5. Result: Turn genes On/Off or activate/deactivate enzymes, etc… Fig. 26.2

  6. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones ii. Steroid hormone 1. Lipids made from cholesterol Ex. Testosterone and estrogen estrogen testosterone cholesterol

  7. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones ii. Steroid hormone 1. Lipids made from cholesterol Ex. Testosterone and estrogen How do steroid hormones “talk” to cells? 2. Cytoplasmic receptor protein 3. Receptor protein usually a transcription factor 4. Turn genes ON/OFF ONLY Fig. 26.2

  8. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones Fig. 26.2

  9. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones iii. Exception to the rule a. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) - amine hormones - produced by thyroid - relatively non-polar, behave like steroids triiodothyronine (T3)

  10. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System E. Endocrine glands of vertebrates i. Some have ONLY endocrine function Ex. Thyroid and pituitary ii. Some also have a non-endocrine function Ex. pancreas Exocrine = digestive enzymes Endocrine = insulin release Fig. 26.3

  11. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones Pg. 521

  12. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones Pg. 521

  13. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones i. Steroid hormones made only by sex organs (testes and ovaries) and adrenal glands (cortex)

  14. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System F. The hypothalamus i. Part of brain ii. Master control center of endocrine system iii. Connects nervous system to endocrine system - receives info from nerves about internal and external environment iv. Closely tied to pituitary gland – in fact, the posterior pituitary is made of cells that extend from the hypothalamus Fig. 26.4

  15. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System F. The Pituitary i. Two parts 1. Posterior lobe (posterior pituitary) (extension of hypothalamus) - composed of nervous tissue - Made of neurosecretory cells - stores and secretes hormones made in hypothalamus Fig. 26.4

  16. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System F. The Pituitary i. Two parts 2. Anterior lobe (anterior pituitary) a. composed of NON-nervous glandular tissue (endocrine cells) b. synthesizes own hormones, most control other endocrine glands Hypothalamus hormones c. hormone release controlled by… Fig. 26.4

  17. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System F. The Pituitary i. Two parts 2. Anterior lobe (anterior pituitary) a. composed of NON-nervous glandular tissue b. synthesizes own hormones, most control other endocrine glands Hypothalamus hormones c. hormone release controlled by… - Hypothalamus hormones that control AP 1. Releasing hormones - signal AP to release a certain hormone 2. Inhibiting hormones - signal AP to stop releasing certain hormone

  18. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System G. Example you need to know: Hypothalamus and AP interaction (Example) Fig. 26.4 1. cold external temperature 2. Hypothalmus secretes TRH into blood TRH = TSH - releasing hormone 3. TRH stimulates AP to secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) into blood Hypothalamus hormones 4. TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete the hormone thyroxine (T4) into the blood 5. Thyroxine (T4) binds to thyroxine receptors, which are found on most cells instructing them to increases metabolic rate of body cells – heat generated 6. Thyroxine (T4) and TSH inhibit hypothalamus from secreting TRH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (hypothalamus regulates body temp through thyroid)

  19. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System G. Example you need to know: Hypothalamus and AP interaction (Example) 1. cold external temperature TRH = TSH - releasing hormone 3. TRH stimulates AP to secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) into blood 4. TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete the hormone thyroxine (T4) into the blood 5. Thyroxine (T4) binds to thyroxine receptors, which are found on most cells instructing them to increases metabolic rate of body cells – heat generated 6. Thyroxine (T4) and TSH inhibit hypothalamus from secreting TRH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (hypothalamus regulates body temp through thyroid)

  20. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.5 II. The Endocrine System H. The Hypothalamus and Posterior pituitary (PP) i. REMINDER: hormones made in hypothalamus and stored/released in PP ii. Neurosecretory cells extend into PP where they secrete hormone into blood 1. oxytocin - causes uterine muscles to contract during child birth. Target organs (the organs targeted by the hormone) It is typically administered intravenously immediately after child birth as well to keep the contractions going to make sure the placenta comes out delivered. - mammary glands to pump milk 2. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - Target organs are kidneys - reabsorb water from collecting duct of nephrons - see excretory system

  21. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? FLAGTEP Fig. 26.5 II. The Endocrine System I. The Hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary (AP) - neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete RH or IH (releasing hormone / inhibitory hormone) - blood carries RH/IH to AP to control hormone secretion – each hormone released by AP is contolled by a different RH/IH 1. Hormones from AP that control other endocrine glands: TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone FSH - follicle stimulating hormone LH - luteinizing hormone 2. Other hormones GH - growth hormone PRL - prolactin Endorphins

  22. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.3 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 triiodothyronine (T3) Both contain iodine

  23. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6A II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 triiodothyronine (T3) Both contain iodine Remember the Goiter - lack of iodine in diet – causes thyroid to swell like a balloon as it tries to make T3 and T4 under excessive TSH stimulation.

  24. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet

  25. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet

  26. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet

  27. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet

  28. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet

  29. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet

  30. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet

  31. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet

  32. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet

  33. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 Iodized salt Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet

  34. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.3 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 3. Target Cells - virutally all tissues 4. Actions - childhood: bone and nerve cell development - Adulthood: Stimulate and maintain metabolism in adults, maintain BP, heart rate, muscle tone, digestion and reproductive functions

  35. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.3 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 5. Disorders i. hyperthyroidism - too much T3 or T4 - overheating, excessive sweating, irritable, high BP, weight lose - Grave’s disease - autoimmune disease - antibodies made against TSH receptors on thyroid - Antibodies bind to receptors and activate them in the absence of TSH = hyperthyroidism

  36. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 5. Disorders i. hyperthyroidism - too much T3 or T4 - overheating, excessive sweating, irritable, high BP, weight lose antibodies - Grave’s disease - autoimmune disease - antibodies made against TSH receptors on thyroid - Antibodies bind to receptors and activate them in the absence of TSH = hyperthyroidism

  37. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 5. Disorders i. hyperthyroidism - too much T3 or T4 - overheating, excessive sweating, irritable, high BP, weight lose antibodies - Grave’s disease - autoimmune disease - antibodies made against TSH receptors on thyroid - activates receptors in absence of TSH = hyperthyroidism 20-25% of people with Graves' disease will suffer from Graves' ophthalmopathy (a protrusion of one or both eyes), caused by inflammation of the eye muscles due to attacking autoantibodies.

  38. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System I. Thyroid E. Disorders ii. hypothyroidism - weight gain, lethargy, intolerance to cold - caused by defective gland or iodine deficiency (goiter) After hypothyroidism before

  39. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System I. Thyroid E. Disorders ii. hypothyroidism - weight gain, lethargy, intolerance to cold - caused by defective gland or iodine deficiency (goiter) - Cretinism if occurring in childhood a. retarded skeletal growth and poor mental development cretinism

  40. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) A. Some uses of calcium i. Help neurons to transmit signals ii. Muscle contraction iii. Blood clotting (coagulation) iv. Cotransport across PM Cotransport occurs when a cell uses energy to actively pump a substance like Ca++ or H+ across a membrane resulting in an electrochemical gradient similar to the pumping of H+ into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria or into the thylakoid disk. When the substance diffuses back passively, the energy is used to transport another molecule with it from low to high concentration (active) – therefore your link facilitated diffusion with active transport.

  41. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.3 II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml in blood normally) B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL C. Hormones involved i. Calcitonin - secreted by thyroid - lower blood Ca++ It is a polypeptide:

  42. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.3 II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL C. Hormones involved i. Calcitonin (calcium in) - secreted by thyroid - lowers blood Ca++ ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - secreted by parathyroid glands - raises blood Ca++ PTH (protein)

  43. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.3 II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL C. Hormones involved i. Calcitonin - secreted by thyroid - lower blood Ca++ ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - secreted by parathyroid - raises blood Ca++ **These are antagonistic hormones (opposite effects)

  44. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL C. Hormones involved i. Calcitonin - secreted by thyroid - lower blood Ca++ ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - secreted by parathyroid four embedded in thyroid - raises blood Ca++ **These are antagonistic hormones (opposite effects)

  45. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.7 II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) D. Mechanism of action i. Calcitonin targets: - bone, kidneys ii. PTH targets: - intestines, bone, kidneys IMPORTANT: What you need to realize is that the levels are ALWAYS fluctuating up and down like a sinusoidal wave. This is a hallmark of feedback. It never stays at 10mg/100ml and this goes for the concentration of anything in your body like protein levels in a cell or blood glucose…. Nothing is static, everything is dynamic. four embedded in thyroid

  46. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.7 II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)

  47. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) E. Vitamin D i. sources - food: cheese, butter, margarine, milk, fish, cereal, etc… Vitamin D - skin makes it when exposed to sun ii. Activated in liver and kidney to become a hormone (see figure) iii. Kidney secretes activated form (Calcitriol) - works with PTH - targets bone and intestines similar to PTH

  48. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.3 II. The Endocrine System 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) A. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL B. Pancreas i. Endocrine and exocrine gland

  49. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) A. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL B. Pancreas i. Endocrine and exocrine gland ii Islets of Langerhan - endocrine portion - made of alpha (α) and beta (β) cells

  50. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) C. Hormones involved i. insulin - produced by beta cells insulin - lowers blood glucose (increases glycogen store) ii. glucagon - produced by alpha cells - raises blood glucose (decreases glycogen storage) - Glucose is gone (glucagon…get it?) glucagon **These are antagonistic hormones (opposite effects)

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