Lecture 8: Standards Adapted from a presentation by Dr. Thomas Jerse in Spring 2003

1. Lecture 8:StandardsAdapted from a presentation by Dr. Thomas Jerse in Spring 2003 ELEC 422-41 Summer 2004

2. Read the Fine Print CERTIFICATE DELIVERED WITH THE NEW SPECTRUM ANALYZER RECEIVED BY THE ECE DEPARTMENT

3. Standards • Internal • External • Governmental • Trade/Professional Association • Customer • Voluntary • Mandatory • Cannot sell a product in a country unless it meets all applicable standards levied by that country.

4. Umbrella Organizations • ISO – Geneva, Switzerland • ANSI – Washington, DC These organizations collect and disseminate standards in all types of industries. They also establish working groups to review and solicit standards with the goal of harmonizing conflicts among competing standards.

5. Purposes • Compatibility • Screw threads • Batteries • Connectors on cables • Protection • Safety • Hazardous materials • Electromagnetic interference

6. Sources of Standards • Manufacturers • Trade groups and professional societies • Insurers • Government regulatory agencies • Department of Defense

7. Manufacturers • Test equipment interconnect • HPIB Bus • Cables and connectors • Command set and protocol • IEEE-488 • Extended HP standard to the industry and allowed other manufacturers to participate. • VXI/PXI/PCI/USB/RS-232

8. Professional Societies • IEEE • Set standards for nearly all aspects of EE • “Color Books” • Some well known • IEEE1394 (FireWire) • IEEE 802 (Wireless communications) • IEEE 488.2 (GPIB instrumentation protocols)

9. Insurers • Fire safety • Personnel safety • Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

10. Government Regulations • Many government regulations are imposed to ensure that the product will not have a negative effect on its environment including its operators. • Others are imposed to facilitate or control trade.

11. Government Agencies • OSHA • Personnel safety • EPA • Environmental protection • FCC • Electromagnetic interference • FAA • Safety of flight

12. Department of Defense • Standards for military equipment • Adopted by most nations • MIL-STD-28800D • Portable electronic equipment • MIL-STD-461D • Electromagnetic compatibility

13. Other Agencies • CSA • Personnel safety (Canadian) • IEC • Safety and electromagnetic interference (European)

14. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) • First President was Lord Kelvin (1906) • HQ: Geneva, Switzerland • Prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies • 61 member countries • Promotes international cooperation and harmonization of standards • Removes technical barriers to trade

15. IEC Standards • Terminology and symbols • Electromagnetic compatibility • Measurement and performance • Dependability • Safety and the environment.

16. IEC Standards • Currently 179 Technical Committees • Members from around the world • Covers all aspects; for example, • Batteries • Motors • Components • Often categorized by usage • Industrial • Laboratory • Home • Medical

17. Political Context • With the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC), the IEC took on greater importance because it was chosen to establish standards to facilitate trade. • The World Trade Organization (WTO) also uses the IEC, with the result that most national standards have migrated to the IEC.

18. Standards are Big Business • Most companies employ full-time departments to read, disseminate, and assess compliance of a product in development with the relevant standards.

19. Assessment • Companies are required to furnish proof of compliance. • 100% test of all units produced is very expensive and generally not required. • Typically a few units are tested for “type acceptance.” Testing can be done by the manufacturer or by a third party if the manufacturer does not have the necessary test facilities. • Companies should have an audit plan where units off the production line are periodically tested.

20. Compliance • The “check” in the system is the liability of the manufacturer for non-compliant units. • For example, if someone were to receive a lethal electric shock, all equipment in the system will be scrutinized for compliance. The entire compliance process of each manufacturer could be examined and justified in court.

21. The 6 Hazards of Product Safety • Risk of Shock • Risk of Energy • Risk of Fire • Risk of Injury • Radiation Hazards • Chemical Hazards

22. Risk of Shock • Prevent access to hazardous voltages: • 30 Vrms • 60 Vdc

23. Risk of Energy • Prevent access to circuits capable of delivering 240 VA or more. • Energy can melt bracelets, watches, and rings

24. Risk of Fire • Limit flammability of combustible materials • Limit temperatures of flammable materials • Prevent electrical discharge to flammable/explosive materials • Containment of fire

25. Risk of Fire • European standards used to aim at proof that there is no potential for fire. • US focus is on fire containment. • New international standards have adopted the US approach.

26. Risk of Injury • Limit access to hazardous moving parts, sharp edges, pinch points, etc. • Prevent equipment tipover

27. Radiation Hazards • Limit exposures • Lasers • CRT • Non-ionizing radiation • Ionizing radiation

28. Chemical Hazards • Ozone • Spillage of hazardous liquids • Batteries

29. Summary • Standards help obtain compatibility between products. • Mandatory standards must be met to sell products legally. • Internal standards are often used to assure the quality and reliability of the product. • External standards are imposed for compatibility and protection. • Compliance with the applicable standards must be guaranteed by the manufacturer.