Social Aspects of Interlanguage

1. 此簡報可能會牽涉到聽眾的討論活動，也就是所謂的執行項目。因此在進行簡報時﹐可充份利用 PowerPoint 來記錄這些執行項目： • 於投影片放映狀態按下滑鼠右鍵 • 選取〔會議記錄簿〕 • 選取〔執行項目〕標籤 • 將出現的意見都記錄於此 • 按下〔確定〕以結束此對話方塊 • 在簡報進行到最後時﹐PowerPoint將會自動的建立一個執行項目投影片﹐並將你所記錄的內容顯示在該投影片上 Social Aspects of Interlanguage Second Language Acquisition SLA

2. Approaches SLA

3. Social Styles

6. Style continuum

7. Japanese pronouncing /z/ in ‘zoo’ and ‘church’. Reading lists of isolated words = more accurate Free speech = least accurate Example SLA

8. Explain the variability of learner language Advantages SLA

9. Learners are not always most accurate in the careful style If you emphasize The role of social factors remains unclear Social groups are involved among native speakers. The concept ‘social group’ is not necessarily applicable to L2 classrooms. Problems SLA

10. Accommodation theory • How a learner’s social group influences the course of L2 acquisition • When people interact with each other, they • either try to make their speech similar to that of their addressee in order to emphasize social cohesiveness (convergence) or • to make it different in order to emphasize their social distinctiveness (divergence) SLA

11. Accommodation theory in L2 acquisition • Convergence • L2 learners are motivated to speak like an L2 native speaker. • Positive learning takes place. • Divergence • Learners want to maintain their own social group. • Less learning takes place.

12. Acculturation Model John Shumann (1978)

13. Acculturation model • Acculturation: the process of becoming adapted to a new culture (Brown, 1980) • An L2 learner’s individual experience of contact with the culture of the target language • Better experience of acculturation = better L2 acquisition SLA

14. Shumann’s study • 10-month study of untutored acquisition of English by 6 native speakers of Spanish. • Interested in development sequences in negative formation, question formation, and so on. • Alberto did not progress. • Intelligence – IQ test indicated no problem • Age – but other adult learners were progressing • Pidginization – restriction to communication

15. What is the difference between a Pidgin language and a Creole language? • Creoles are spoken as a first language by children of Pidgin speakers. • Some evidence that BVE is a creole language (from Gullah), English and W. African languages.

16. What is a Pidgin language? • A language developed by speakers of distinct languages who come in contact with one another and share no common language. • Pidgins are usually based on a dominant language (English, French, Dutch, Russian), but contain relatively more / less lexical / syntactic items from other languages. • Venues: • trade, plantation • Examples: • Sabir (Mediterranean); Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea); Hawaiian Pidgin English

17. Schumann’s hypothesis: • Schumann noticed that Alberto’s speech was characterized by pidgin-like features, and he asked, Why? His hypothesis (the pidginization hypothesis): • “the speech of the SL learner will be restricted to the communication function if the learner is socially and / or psychologically distant from the speakers of the target language” (Schumann. [1976]. Second language acquisition: The pidginization hypothesis. Language Learning, 26, 391-408).

18. What’s behind the Acculturation model • The extent to which learners acculturate depends on: • Social distance: the extent to which learners become members of the target-language group and achieve contact with them. • Psychological distance: the extent to which learners are comfortable with the learning task and constitutes a personal rather than a group dimension. SLA

19. Acculturation theory (4) • Problems • difficulty of measuring acculturation • presuppose that social factors have a direct effect on L2 acquisition. • Social factors are not static. SLA