Motivation & emotion

1. Motivation & emotion Stephanie Preciado & Roy Navarro

2. Essential questions • How are people motivated biologically and by the environment? • What are the different ways people express emotions in regard to culture, age, and gender?

3. Motivation • Motivation • Giving people incentives that cause them to act in desired ways • Reasons people have for behaving the way they do or doing the things they do

4. How are people motivated biologically and by the environment? • There are many different theories to why we are motivated, the following are some examples: • Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs • David McClelland – Power-Affiliation Theory • Clark Hull – Drive – Reduction Theory • Push vs. Pull theory

5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. • Psychologist Abraham Maslow thought that people are motivated by unmet needs. • When a person’s need for something is not met, the person feels driven, or motivated, to meet that need. • Self-actualization - according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential

6. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Maslow proposed that human beings must fulfil the more basic needs, such as physical and security needs, before being able to fulfill the higher need of self-actualization

7. Power-Affiliation Theory • McClelland believed that our motivation was based off our need to achieve, for power, and for affiliation. • Need for achievement: • The desire to do something better than it has been done before • Need for power: • The desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people • Need for affiliation: • The desire to maintain close and friendly personal relationships

8. Drive Reduction Theory • Clark Hull a behaviorist, created the Drive-Reduction Theory to explain behavior, learning and motivation. • This theory emphasized on our biological needs

9. Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation • Primary drives: • Those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst • Acquired drives: • Those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval • Homeostasis: • The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

10. Push vs. Pull theory on hunger • Push vs. Pull Theory: • Internal states of tension push people certain directions • External stimuli pull people in certain directions

11. What are the different ways people express emotions in regard to culture, age, and gender?

12. Emotions • There is really an undetermined number of emotions • Sprecher (1985), who compiled a list of 15 ―folk emotions that have been found to be important to a variety of ethnic groups in love relationships—the domain of this paper. These were: Positive Emotions: joy, love, and sexual excitement. Negative Emotions: anger, anxiety, depression, fear, frustration, grief, guilt/shame, hate, hurt, jealousy, loneliness, and resentment.

13. Culture differences • Death of family/close friends, physical separation from loved ones, and world news triggered sadness for Europeans and Americans more frequently than it did for Japanese; Problems in relationships triggered sadness more frequently for Japanese • Situations involving relationships triggered anger more frequently for Americans than Japanese; Situations involving strangers triggered anger more frequently for Japanese

14. Culture differences • The Japanese hide their emotions in public and in front of important figure • Americans and Europeans are more expressive of their emotions

15. Cultural differences

16. Gender differences • There is no differences in the emotions • Society usually want men to hold their emotion into themselves

17. Age differences • Emotion can be controlled easier due to the shrinking of the hypothalamus • An older woman’s daughter-in-law just gave birth to her fifth grandchild. However, her daughter-in-law and son were quite insulting instructing her on how to hold the baby. In order not to escalate the conflict, the older woman gently gave the baby back to the mother and left the hospital room to vent her emotions alone. She did not want to cause a fight with her family at such a vulnerable time. Later, when things calmed down, she would revisit the issue with her family.

18. Work cited • Beeler, J. (2012, January 8). Motivation and action: a chicken and egg problem? | SynaptoGaming. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http://synaptogaming.com/2012/01/08/motivation-and-action-a-chicken-and-egg-problem/ • Blanchard-Fields, F. (n.d.). Older Adult Expertise in Emotion Regulation: Gains and costs. Retrieved February 23, 2014, from https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/25067/presentation.ppt?sequence=3 • Bodish, E., & Witt, M. (2013, January 15). Drive reduction theory. Retrieved February 27, 2014, from http://www.slideshare.net/erinbodish/drive-reduction-theory • Chapter 11 - Motivating Employees. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0073381519/781862/Chap011.ppt • Chapter 12 & 13 - Motivation and Emotion. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2014, from http://web.nsboro.k12.ma.us/algonquin/faculty/socialstudiesteachers/godbout/documents/psych.ap.stress.motive.emotion.pdf • Culture and Emotion Part Two. (n.d.). Retrieved February 27, 2014, from https://www.utsa.edu/lhri/3053%20Cross-Cultural/March%2019%20-%20Culture%20and%20Emotion%20Part%20Two.ppt

19. Works Cited • Employee Motivation: Foundations and Practices. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2014, from http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~whdecker/MGMT425StudentSlidesbyChapter/Chap005.ppt • Feldman, R. S. (n.d.). Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction. Retrieved February 22, 2014, from http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/cafe/prof/ppt/chap10/sld007.htm • Hatfield, E., Rapson, R. L., & Le, Y. L. (n.d.). Ethnic and Gender Differences in Emotional Ideology, Experience, and Expression. Retrieved February 23, 2014, from http://interpersonaabpri.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/paper-3_ethnic-and-gender-differences-in-emotional-ideology1.pdf • Huffman, K. (n.d.). Psychology in Action - Sixth Edition. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http://www.wiley.com/college/huffman/0471394955/ppt/lecture/hpp13428.ppt • McLeod, S. (2007). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Simply Psychology.Retrieved February 22, 2014, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

20. Works Cited • Motivation and Emotion - Chapter 9. (n.d.). Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http://www.rcgates.com/psyc/chapter9.ppt • Motivation and Emotion. (n.d.). Retrieved February 26, 2014, from http://www.appsychology.com/appsychPP/appsychology/APPsychNewPP/Motivation%20and%20Emotion/Motivation_and_Emotion.ppt • Motivation and Emotion. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http://www.painesville-township.k12.oh.us/userfiles/634/Classes/1925/AP%20-%20Motivation-1.ppt • Motivation in Organizations. (n.d.). Retrieved February 19, 2014, from https://umdrive.memphis.edu/rbhagat/Mgmt4420/Chap06.ppt • Motivation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 27, 2014, from http://swa1.albertlea.k12.mn.us/cmcintyre/Shared%20Documents/Education%20Information/Motivation.ppt • Theories of Motivation Ppt Presentation. (2013, March 27). Retrieved February 27, 2014, from http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/jevin16288-638686-theories-of-motivation/ • Pfirman, M. (2010, September 19). psycovate: Push Pull Theory. Retrieved February 28, 2014, from http://www.psycovate.com/2010/09/push-pull-theory.html • Principles of Psychology. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2014, from http://frhsd.com/district/files/principles%20of%20psychology.pdf