Waste to Energy – Going Forward

1. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen, Methane and Water Recovery From Solid Waste, Wastewater, and Wastewater Solids October 6, 2009 Gene E. Keyser, Ph.D. Key Solutions, Inc.

2. Waste to Energy – Going Forward • Background • Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Cycles • Familiar sites, unfamiliar sights • Waste as a battery • Examples • Chlorination for Disinfection • Waste to Energy - without a new air permit, without a new power plant • Going Green for profit • Bits, pieces, and thoughts for discussion

3. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Disinfection • Chlorination • Ultraviolet • Ozone • Peroxide & Ferric ion (Fenton’s Reagent) • Gamma Radiation

4. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Chlorination • In situ generation • Must have chloride ion in amount equal to or slightly greater than proposed dose concentration • Baseline conductivity determines efficiency • However, …

5. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Chlorination • In situ generation • Uses the chloride ion already present to generate hypochlorite in situ • NO chemical pumps. NO sodium chloride addition • Direct cause and effect • Proven technology, hardware, and process

6. NaCl + H2O NaOCl + H2 2 NaOH + Cl2 + H2 2 NaCl + 2 H2O Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl NaCl + H2O NaOH + HCl NaOCl + H2O NaOH + HOCl Waste to Energy – Going Forward

7. Waste to Energy – Going Forward • Carbon footprint of in situ chlorination • Within the differences of efficiency, 90+% versus 98+%, only slightly more electricity used than either hypochlorite or liquid chlorine. • Dependent upon hardware and water quality specifics, 1.5 – 2 kwh per million gallons at 10 mg/L dose (not final residual).

8. Waste to Energy – Going Forward • Carbon footprint of in situ chlorination • No transportation – no fuel versus transportation for either of the others. @ 100 mile round trip, 20 mpg, 5 gallons, 35 lbs. of diesel for 5000 gal of 12.5% hypochlorite, 1000 gal per day for 10 mg/L @ 15 mgd gives 22 lbs per day (6 * 44 / 12) reduced carbon dioxide for product transportation.

9. Waste to Energy – Going Forward • Carbon footprint of in situ chlorination • No brine or salt transport or processing, or nominally eliminating 60 kwh per ton which yields about 1210 lbs. of active chlorine, translating to about 40 lbs. per day of carbon dioxide. • Water and water purification for hypochlorite adds another 40 kwh per thousand gallons or about 26 lbs. per day of carbon dioxide

10. Waste to Energy – Going Forward • Carbon footprint of in situ chlorination • Net between hypochlorite addition versus in situ generation, about 88 lbs. per day or 16 tons annually for disinfection of 15 mgd at 10 mg/L dose concentration. • Reduced environmental impact • Nominally 2000 lbs. per day of sodium chloride not added to the aquifer and/or surface waters.

11. Waste to Energy – Going Forward • Breakpoint Chlorination for Ammonia Removal 2 NH3 + 3 NaOCl  N2 + 3 NaCl + 3 H2O • Nominally 7.5 lbs. of active chlorine per lb. of ammonia nitrogen • Very fast reaction, simple, controllable • However, a lot of added chemistry, especially in citrus country • It’s all about timing and control!

12. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Breakpoint Chlorination for Ammonia Removal • In situ generation • Use the chloride ion already present to generate hypochlorite in situ • NO chemical pumps. NO sodium chloride addition • Direct cause and effect • It’s all about timing and control!

13. 3 NaCl + 3 H2O 3 NaOCl + 3 H2 2 NaOH + 2 NH2Cl 2 NH3 + 2 NaOCl NH2Cl + NaOCl NaOH + NHCl2 3 HCl + N2 NH2Cl + NHCl2 3 NaCl + 3 H2O 3 NaOH + 3 HCl Waste to Energy – Going Forward 2 NH3 N2 + 3 H2

14. Waste to Energy – Going Forward * Catalyst for operational energy savings Energy * 2 NH3 N2 + 3 H2

15. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Carbon Cycle

16. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Nitrogen Cycle

17. Waste to Energy – Going Forward

18. Waste to Energy – Going Forward CO2 + H2O Photosynthesis (CH2O)n + O2

19. Waste to Energy – Going Forward CO2 + H2O Photosynthesis (CH2O)n + O2 t P + O2 CxHy

20. Waste to Energy – Going Forward CO2 + H2O Photosynthesis Combustion Biodegradation (CH2O)n + O2 t P Combustion + O2 Energy CxHy

21. Waste to Energy – Going Forward CO2 + H2O Photosynthesis +O2 (CH2O)n CH4 + CO2 + H2+ H2O

22. Waste to Energy – Going Forward

23. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Low Temperature Biodegradation (CH2O)n CO2 + H2O (l) High Temperature Combustion (CH2O)n CO2 + H2O (g)

24. Waste to Energy – Going Forward (CH2O)n + O2 CO2 + H2O (l) Aerobic Anaerobic (CH2O)n CH4 + H2+ CO2 + H2O (l) C5H7NO2 CH4 + CO2 + NH3+ H2O (l)

25. Waste to Energy – Going Forward

26. Waste to Energy – Going Forward

27. 2 parts Portland Cement 2 parts dry sand 3 parts gravel 1 part water = high strength concrete = 12-15% volatile solids 2 parts Portland Cement 1 part hydrated lime 2 parts dry sand 1 part water = tile floor grout mix = 25-28% volatile solids Waste to Energy – Going Forward And not a lick of degradable carbon in either one!

28. Waste to Energy – Going Forward RCES Solid Waste Services • Collect 133,000 tons annually for disposal & recycling (364 tons per day) • 11,000 tons recycled (30 tons per day) • 2850 tons wood and yard waste chipped for blending in compost (8 tons per day) • RCES Overview, May, 2008, posted on RCID website

29. Waste to Energy – Going Forward • Waste to energy • Net 340 tons per day  ± 3.4 MM cu.ft. natural gas (~40-50% of RCES Power Plant capacity) • Renewable, sustainable energy source • Use existing power plant without permit change • Profit from your visitors consumption • Lower operating cost • Hauling, Tipping fees

30. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Reduced Carbon Footprint • At complete bioconversion to methane, hydrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water • Landfill transportation • ± 70 round trips daily • Reduced natural gas consumption • ± 3.4 MM cu.ft. • ± 200 tons per day CO2 • CO2 captured for reuse (?) from bioreactor • ± 245 tons per day CO2 additional to above

31. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Reduced Carbon Footprint • 1200 – 1800 tpd from electric power • 490 – 600 tpd from solid waste • 14 – 25 tpd from wastewater treatment • 100 – 200 tpd from transportation • 1800 – 2625 tpd • 650,000 – 950,000 tons annual CO2 emissions

32. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Reduced Carbon Footprint • - 500 tpd from waste to power (15 – 30%) • - 5 – 10% for upgraded transmission, motors, and controls • 20 – 40% reduction, profitably

33. Waste to Energy – Going Forward Acknowledgements D. Breaux S. Day M. Hester W. Maffett F. Schmucker

34. Waste to Energy – Going Forward The difference between simply elegant and elegantly simple is profit. Gene E. Keyser, Ph.D. Key Solutions, Inc.