Chapter 4 Section 3

1. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Struggle for Liberty

2. Supporting the War Effort • George Washington • Had to raise troops • Often younger than 16 • Poor, non-property owners • Army offered low pay, harsh conditions and high chance of death • Men who could afford it, often paid others to take their place in war

3. Recruiting soldiers • Should African Americans be recruited? • Many white southerners opposed it • British start offering freedom to slaves who fought-thousands joined the British • Continental Army starts allowing free African Americans to serve • Women ran farms and businesses, raised money, made clothing, raised supplies, • Some women nurses and spies

4. Canada • Because shortage of supplies, many Patriots want to fight defensive war • Some want to attack Canada make it 14th colony • General Montgomery captures Montreal in Nov. 1775 • Benedict Arnold tries to take Quebec and fails miserably~ending quest for Canada

5. New York • Washington moves troops to New York and waits for British • June 1776 British arrive by boat • General Howe (British) forced Washington off Long Island, NY • Eventually pushed Washington behind the Hudson River • Crushing loss is a revenge for Howe’s loss of Boston

6. New Jersey • November 1776 Continental Army on the run • Washington’s men would soon leave due to service being up • Howe thinks the rebellion almost over-left New Jersey in the hands of the Hessians-mercenaries from German states-fight for pay not loyalty • Dec. 7, 1776 Washington gets fresh troops

7. New Jersey cont; • “These are the times that try men’s souls” Thomas Paine from The American Crisis-a series of pamphlets • Washington takes a chance and attacks Hessians • Dec. 24-rows across Delaware River and surprise attacks • Battle of Trenton-Won by Patriots • Cornwallis tries to helps but Washington circles round and wins big victory!

8. Saratoga • British Gen. John Burgoyne pushes through NY • Tries to cut off New England from other colonies • Howe moves into Philadelphia • Patriots try to bog down the British • Battle of Saratoga-Americans win-turning point of the war • Foreign aid comes to the Americans-France/Spain and Holland

9. Remarkable Europeans • Marquis de Lafayette-young Frenchman takes ship to America, brought well trained soldiers to help fight • Became a skilled commander • Gave $200,000 of his own money • Wrote letters to powerful friends for help

10. Baron Friedrich von Steuben • Prussian who served under Washington • Trained American troops • Turns young inexperienced troops into strong fighting force

11. Benjamin Franklin • Went to France to ask for help • King Louis XVI agreed to help after the Battle of Saratoga • Supplies, ammunition, navy

12. Help from Spain • Bernardo de Galvez-governor of Spanish Louisiana • Spanish joined the war in 1779 • Make way up coast to Pensacola, FL

13. Winter at Valley Forge • Continental Army was running low on food and clothing • Lacked very basic provisions • Rough times but the soldiers suffered and continued to stay focused • 2000 soldiers died • British lived a live of luxury in Philadelphia

14. War at Sea • French Navy aided the colonists • British Navy stronger but not used effectively • Fall 1775 Continental Army makes plans for building warships-established Marines • By Feb. 1776 had 8 merchant ships adapted as fighting navy • Attack British supply lines • Attack Nassau, Bahamas and win

15. John Paul Jones • Left Scotland after mutiny on ship killed captain • Volunteers for Navy • captured many British supply ships • France gives him seven ships, including “Bonhomme Richard” • Captured British Serapis • “I have not yet begun to fight”

16. War in the West • Native Americans wanted for each side • George Rogers Clark-volunteered to lead the western campaign • Created scattered Army settlements • Attacked trading villages • Clark attacked Fort Sackville near Vincennes-with flags and fire tricked the British • In general, the British had more success with Native Americans but Clark continued to make the campaign hard