Apartheid in South Africa

1. Apartheid in South Africa

2. Why was S. A. Colonized? • S.A. was colonized by the Dutch in the 1600’s • British in the 1700 and 1800’s • The Dutch moved north and established areas outside British control • Boer Wars in 1900, Brits takeover – SA is British colony. • SA achieves independence from Brits in 1931

3. South Africa Under British Rule • Gandhi in SA 1893 -1915 • Challenged pass laws discrimination • Led protests, strikes, demonstrations • Mobilized Indian community • Ownership of land by blacks is restricted • Segregation is practiced informally • “Pass laws” control movement of native people • Afrikaners and Brits agree on “white power”

4. The Afrikaner National Party Gains Control Dominate political party in S.A. from 1948 Set up Apartheid to strip power from all non-whites in S.A. Made sure economic power was taken away as well Party disbanded in 2005

5. Bantu Authorities Act • Set up as “Homelands” for blacks in S.A. • These were “independent” black nations within S.A. • Blacks were stripped of their S.A. citizenship and voting rights

6. “Townships” Illegal black settlements near cities Tolerated because economy depended on cheap black labor High poverty High crime

7. Day to Day Living With Apartheid • Non-Whites couldn’t own or operate businesses in white areas • Transportation and civil facilities were segregated • Blacks couldn’t work or live in white areas without permission and a passbook • Passbooks were not given to spouses or children, this forced families to split up • Police vans patrolled the streets for blacks to deport to the Bantustans • Hospitals were segregated and whites had better care

9. Continued • Schools for blacks were given 10% of the money as schools for whites • Education for blacks only covered basic skills. • Chance for a college education was limited • Beaches and swimming pools were segregated. No pools for blacks • Blacks couldn’t hire whites, and black police couldn’t arrest whites • Churches, movies, toilets, parks, ect were segregated

10. African National Congress • Lead the resistance to Apartheid • Formed strikes, protests and marches • Sharpeville 1960 - Police open fire on peaceful protest killing 60 • S.A. forced the ANC underground in the early 60’s • This lead to the ANC using violence as a tactic

11. Sharpeville Massacre 1960

12. The Jailing and Rise of Mandela • Major leader of the ANC • He was put in jail for life in 1964 • He was freed in the early 1990’s and became the 1st president of S.A. after Apartheid was dismantled

13. S.A.POLICE IN THE TOWNSHIPS

14. Soweto Uprisings 1976 • The white govt. passed a law requiring the Afrikaans language to be used in all schools, both black and white • There were protests by students and the police shot 16 of them to death • This lead to riots and the death of Steven Biko.

15. Steven Biko Biko was an anti-Apartheid activist Who died in police custody in 1977. He is seen as a hero in the struggle Against Apartheid. He was beaten so badly, he went into a coma. The police left him to die His family was paid $25 grand as compensation

16. Whites and Apartheid • Roughly 15% - 20% of whites opposed Apartheid and voted for liberal political parties • “Banning”- Those who opposed gov’t policy were put under house arrest. Could not communicate with the outside world

17. International Response • 1962-UN condemns Apartheid • 1970’s • Investors boycott S.A. • Arms Embargo • Olympic team is banned • 1980’s USA and G.B. agree to economic sanctions against S.A.

18. Reagan & Thatcher • Both saw S.A. as a buffer against communism in Africa • Preferred “constructive engagement” not sanctions • Maggie claimed the ANC was a “terrorist” organization

19. The Beginning of the End • Many companies refused to deal with S.A. • The US Congress passed sanctions overriding Reagan’s veto • Musicians recorded and anti-Apartheid record and boycotted playing in the country • The end of the Cold War made the threat of communism less real

20. Reaction of the White Govt. • Violence spread, including the practice of placing burning tires around the necks of blacks who “collaborated” with the whites • Neo-Nazi groups advocated killing blacks • The ANC approved more bombings • Many black townships refused to cooperate with the gov.t and large numbers of troops were brought in

21. Collapse • The country became ungovernable • The S.A. President said the nation must change • A whites only referendum called for change • In 1990, President DeKlerk made his unbanning speech that announced and end of discriminatory laws and made the ANC legal. Mandela was also let out of jail • In 1993 a new constitution that ended all forms of apartheid was put into place

22. Controls industry, limits supply, creates demand

23. Blood Diamonds • “conflict diamonds” - Diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance the civil wars or the activities of a warlord • Charles Taylor of Liberia supported rebels in Sierra Leone in exchange for diamonds to conduct a civil war in his own country. • UN Sanctions, prosecutions and diamond industry working to stop this practice

24. A New Nation • The nation got a new flag and anthem • There were peaceful democratic elections that included all races • The ANC became the main party in S.A. • Mandela was elected President of S.A • Both he and DeKlerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

25. Truth and Reconciliation • Truth and Reconciliation Commission • It was a chance for victims of oppression and oppressors to air grievances and amend for mistakes • It helped the put aside the past and move forward as a nation • Critics said it let off the guilty with little or no punishment

26. The Reality of Change • 90% of the poor in S.A. are black • Affirmative action • HIV (1 in 7 infected) • Crime and gang violence • Rape at epidemic rates • Still, there has been progress and S.A. showed that a nation can change.

27. CRIME Stalls Progress in South Africa

28. Building a New Image

30. The African UnionSouth Africa has taken a leadership role in the region.