Notes Interactive Science pp. 314-321 Define Weathering -

1. Notes Interactive Science pp. 314-321 Define Weathering- Name __________________ Date: Mechanical weathering: Chemical weathering: Freezing & Thawing: Water & Chemical Weathering: Oxygen & Chemical Weathering: Abrasion: Carbon Dioxide & Chemical Weathering: Plants & Animals: Living Organisms & Chemical Weathering: Release of Pressure: Acid Rain & Chemical Weathering:

2. What affects rates of weathering? 1. Surface Exposure: 2. Composition of rock: 3. Climate:

3. Notes Interactive Science pp. 314-321 Define Weathering- Name __________________ Date: Process that breaks down rock & other substances Mechanical weathering: Chemical weathering: Rock is physically broken into smaller pieces Breaks down rock through chemical changes Freezing & Thawing: Water & Chemical Weathering: Water can dissolve rock. It can carry other agents of chemical weathering like CO2 and O2 Frost wedging: water seeps into cracks in rock and freezes. It then expands and breaks the rock Oxygen & Chemical Weathering: Abrasion: Oxidation: Iron in rocks combines with oxygen & water to create rust (soft, crumbly, redish) Wearing away of rock by smaller rock particles carried by water, ice, wind, or gravity Carbon Dioxide & Chemical Weathering: CO2 with water results in a weak acid (carbonic acid) that weathers rocks like marble and limestone. Plants & Animals: Plant roots can grown into cracks in rock which breaks rock. Animals dug holes through soil which allows weathering agents like water & air to reach the bedrock Living Organisms & Chemical Weathering: As some plant roots grow, they can release weak acids that can slowly dissolve rock around roots. Ex: lichens Release of Pressure: Acid Rain & Chemical Weathering: As erosion moves pieces of broken rock from the surface, pressure on the rock is released and the outside of the rock may break apart Excessive burning of fossil fuels produces chemicals that react with water vapor in the atmosphere. It falls as acid rain, which wears away rocks.

4. Plants Release of Pressure

5. Carbonic Acid Water Oxidation Lichens

6. What affects rates of weathering? 1. Surface Exposure: As surface area increases, so does the rate of weathering because there is more area exposed to the agents of weathering. 2. Composition of rock: Minerals that make up the rock determine how fast weathering occurs. Minerals that dissolve slowly will not weather as fast. Permeable materials weather faster, as well. 3. Climate: Climate refers to average weather conditions in a region. Both chemical and mechanical weathering occur faster in wet climates because water is an important weathering agent. Chemical reactions occur faster at higher temperatures

7. As surface area increases, so does the rate of weathering because there is more area exposed to the agents of weathering.

8. Notes: Earth Science pp. 171-175 Name __________________ Date: Define Erosion: Define Deposition: Living Things: Water-Rivers & Streams: Agents of Erosion Wind: Water-Wave Action: Glacial:

9. Notes: Earth Science pp. 171-175 Name __________________ Date: Define Erosion: The movement of weathered rock and soil from its original location. Gravity plays an important role because the force of gravity moves materials downslope. Define Deposition: After materials are transported by agents of erosion, they are dropped into a new location. Living Things: Water-Rivers & Streams: As organisms carry out life processes, they can move Earth’s surface materials from one place to another. (Like when animals burrow underground) The currents of streams and rivers pick up & move much sediment. It is then deposited when the speed of the current slows down allowing the sediment to fall and settle. Agents of Erosion Wind: Water-Wave Action: Wind can easily pick up and move sediments. Wind erosion is more severe in places that are dry. Areas with vegetation can slow the wind and the plant roots can hold on to the soil. Wave action causes erosion of the ocean floor and shorelines. Waves carve out features like cliffs & arches. Particles like sand are deposited along shorelines. Shorelines are built up by deposition but reduced by coastal erosion. Human development has increased the rate of coastal erosion. Glacial: Glaciers move as a large, dense mass so they have the capability of carrying huge rocks great distances. They grind the rock beneath them, as well. They can scrape and gouge large sections of the Earth.

10. What is a glacier anyway? A glacier is a large mass of moving ice that has been created by the accumulation of snow in the same area over a long period of time. The snow is compressed & compacted until it eventually changes into glacial ice. This process takes hundreds of years. Glaciers can move slowly over time depending on the amounts of snowfall or ablation (melting & evaporation). That means that glaciers may advance or retreat in an area over time.

11. Perito Moreno glacier in the Patagonia region of Argentina-the Andes Mountain range

12. What is a glacier anyway? A valley glacier in the Alps

13. Notes: Interactive Science pp. 348-357 Name __________________ Date: 1) How does moving water cause erosion? List four things that can happen to water after it falls to the land as rain. 2) Define runoff: 3) What is the relationship between the amount of runoff and the amount of erosion? 4) What is groundwater? How does it collect? 5) How does the river flow change throughout the seasons? 6) What features of Earth’s surface can be created by water erosion? 7) What features of Earth’s surface are created by water deposition? Define each term.

14. Notes: Interactive Science pp. 348-357 Name __________________ Date: 1) How does moving water cause erosion? List four things that can happen to water after it falls to the land as rain. Water can pick up and carry particles of rock and soil. After water drops splash to Earth, some sinks into the ground, some evaporates, & some is taken in by plants. The rest runs off over the surface of the land. 2) Define runoff: Water that moves over the land. It picks up and carries particles with it. 3) What is the relationship between the amount of runoff and the amount of erosion? More runoff = more erosion. Anything that slows runoff will slow the rate of erosion. For example: plants and plant roots reduce erosion by absorbing water and holding soil in place. 4) What is groundwater? How does it collect? When precipitation falls, not all of it is runoff. Some seeps into the ground and collects. It fills the openings in soil and trickles into cracks and spaces in layers of rock. 5) How does the river flow change throughout the seasons? Fall-slow flow, beginning to get cold Winter-little to no flow because its icy Spring-fastest & highest flow due to snowmelt Summer-continued fast flow 6) What features of Earth’s surface can be created by water erosion? Waterfalls, flood plains, valleys, meanders, & oxbow lakes. 7) What features of Earth’s surface are created by water deposition? Define each term. Delta- land that builds up where a river meets a larger body of water from the deposition of sediments Alluvial fans- wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain

15. Mississippi River and tributaries Water always flows downslope. As water runs off across the land, it picks up sediments. Eventually the water enters the Mississippi River tributaries, then enters the Mississippi River, and finally the water empties into the Gulf of Mexico.

16. How does river flow erosion built land? During spring, precipitation increases and winter snow melts and runs off into rivers. River levels rise and flooding occurs. This yearly (annual) flooding causes deposition of sediments and results in the slow building of land called a delta.

17. This picture shows the sediment from the Mississippi River being expelled into the Gulf of Mexico. Eventually this deposited sediment can settle and accumulate enough to built new land.

18. The Mighty Mississippi: The Mississippi River has changed is course throughout geologic time. This repeated change of course has created the river delta that we know today. Rivers can also avulse (change path) due to the erosion of a new channel that creates a straighter path through the landscape

19. Notes: Earth Science pp. 226-227 Name Date Mississippi River Watershed and Tributaries

20. What is a tributary? • 2) Define “watershed.” • 3) Define “divide.” • 4) Use your desk map as a reference and complete the map on the front of this page according to the following guidelines: • ** Write names/labels in pencil then go over them in blue or black ink!** • Highlight the Mississippi River in RED MARKER. • Mark the source of the Mississippi with a BLACK dot and label the name of the source (Lake Itasca). • Mark the mouth of the Mississippi River with a BLACK dot. • Label the large body of water into which the Mississippi River flows. • Trace all of the following tributaries in BLUE MARKER and label each: • Missouri River • Arkansas River • Red River • Ohio River • Tennessee River • Lightly trace and color in the area that is the Mississippi River watershed in YELLOW CRAYON or COLOR PENCIL • Mark the line that indicates the Continental Divide in ORANGE MARKER and label it.

21. Notes: pp. 268-270 Name __________________ Date: Define Mass Movement: Define Erosion: Landslide: Creep: Mass Movement Slump: Earthflow: Mudflow:

22. Creep Slump

23. Rockfall & Rockslides

24. Mudflow Earthflow

25. Notes: Earth Science pp. 176-183 and Interactive Science pp. 322-329 Name __________________ Date: • Define Soil: • Of what is soil composed? • Describe how soil develops. Be sure to define bedrock and explain its role in soil development. • What is humus? • Soil is made of particles that are classified by size. What are these 4 particles? List them in order from largest to smallest. • What is loam? Why is it the best soil for growing most plants? • What is soil fertility? 8) Parent Material Residual Soil: Transported Soils:

26. 9) Define soil horizon: 10) 11) In what two main ways do living organisms affect soil? Then in your Interactive Science book, complete Figure 4 on pp. 328-329.

27. Notes: Earth Science pp. 176-183 and Interactive Science pp. 322-329 Name __________________ Date: • Define Soil: • Of what is soil composed? • Describe how soil develops. Be sure to define bedrock and explain its role in soil development. • What is humus? • Soil is made of particles that are classified by size. What are these 4 particles? List them in order from largest to smallest. • What is loam? Why is it the best soil for growing most plants? • What is soil fertility? Soil is loose weathered material on Earth’s surface in which plants grow. Soil is a mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material, water & air. When bedrock (rock layer beneath soil) is exposed to air, water, & living things, it weathers into smaller & smaller pieces until it eventually becomes soil. It is the dark-colored substance that forms as plant & animal material decays. It is the portion of soil that is made of organic material. gravel sand silt clay largest smallest It is soil that is made of equal parts clay, sand, & silt. Loam holds just the right amount of water and air-not too much & not too little. Soil fertility is a measure of whether the soil has the nutrients needed for plant growth. Soil rich in humus generally has high fertility. 8) Parent Material Residual Soil: Transported Soils: Parent material is the local bedrock Develops from parent material that has moved from its original location The bedrock material from which the soil formed

28. 9) Define soil horizon: A layer of soil that differs in color, texture, and composition from the layers above and below it 10) 11) In what two main ways do living organisms affect soil? Then in your Interactive Science book, complete Figure 4 on pp. 328-329. • Forming Humus- dead leaves, roots, & other plant material decompose and form humus Decomposers are the organisms that break down the remains of living things. Examples of decomposers are fungi, bacteria, & worms • Mixing the Soil-burrowing animals mix humus with air and other materials

30. Bedrock: unweathered, solid parent rock makes up the Earth’s crust. The solid rock layer beneath the soil.

31. What is a NATURAL RESOURCE? Anything in the environment that humans use

32. Soil is a valuable natural resource because everything that lives on land depends upon it directly or indirectly. Fertile soil is in limited supply because it takes hundreds of years for soil to form.

33. The value of soil is affected by human activities. The value of soil is reduced when soil loses fertility or when topsoil erodes away.

34. How can soil be conserved? • Crop rotation • Contour plowing • Conservation plowing

35. Crop Rotation: A farmer plants different crops each year. For example: 1st year=corn 2nd year=oats (uses less nutrients) 3rd year=legumes to restore nutrients

37. Contour Plowing: Farmers plow fields along curves of a slope instead of straight lines which reduces run off and erosion

39. Conservation plowing: Dead weeds and stalks from the previous year are plowed into the ground to return nutrients, hold water, and reduce erosion.