Use your graphic organizer you received in class to go through this lesson

1. Use your graphic organizer you received in class to go through this lesson AP Human Geography Unit 4

2. POTENTIAL WORLD CONFLICTS AND THE LEADERS/GOVERNMENTS THAT MAY CAUSE THEM

3. Go to the link below for the Global Conflict tracker site • https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-conflict-tracker#!/global-conflict-tracker Look at the types of conflict and choose from Political instability, territorial dispute and transnational terrorism

4. Global Conflict tracker site

5. Look at the types of conflict and choose from Political instability, territorial dispute and transnational terrorism Investigate each of these areas and see how they correlate with the different countries that you are researching on the rest of these slides.

6. SYRIA • The savage civil war here is now in its seventh year, with over 40,000 fighters and thousands of foreign troops embroiled in conflict. • The war has caused almost half a million casualties and seen appalling atrocities as jihadists and regime fighters torture and murder at will. • President Bashar al-Assad– accused of horrific poison gas attacks on his own people– is backed by Russia and Iran. • He is opposed by the US, Britain and many Arab countries including Saudi Arabia, which part-sponsors ISIS and al-Qaeda.

7. Mexico • Mexico's drug war is fueled by a lust for territory, cash, power and violence by 54 ruthless cartels which have slaughtered as many as 85,000 people since 2006. • Victims – including thousands of police officers, politicians and members of the judicial system – are routinely shot, tortured with drills, dismembered with chainsaws, beheaded and burned alive to spread fear. • President Trump controversially wants to build a wall on the border, believing this will halt Mexican gangs, drugs and crime coming into the US.

8. Mali • Around 4,000 people have been killed in Mali since 2012. • President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita took power in September 2013 but Islamist groups like al-Qaeda took root in the country’s north. • Britain helped French troops quell the uprising as they wanted to stop Mali being overrun by terrorists who would gain a foothold and plot attacks on Europe.

9. Afghanistan • The Taliban are regaining power in Afghanistan despite there still being nearly 9,000 US troops in the country. • Now ISIS is trying to get a foothold in Afghanistan too – so it is vital that local security forces gain control. • Recently, President Trump ordered the dropping of the awesome “Mother of all Bombs” and the CIA may even help the Taliban fight ISIS.

10. YEMEN • Both al-Qaeda and ISIS have fighters in Yemen, where over 7,600 people have been killed in the past two years. • Most died in air strikes by a Saudi-led, multi-national coalition that backs President AbdrabbuhHadi. The turmoil has left 70 per cent of the population in need of aid. • Attacks on the West have originated in Yemen

11. EAST CHINA SEA- background • The Senkaku/Diaoyu islands were formally claimed by Japan in 1895 and have been privately owned by a series of Japanese citizens for most of the past 120 years. Aside from a brief period after World War II when the United States controlled the territory, Japan has exercised effective control over the islands since 1895. • China began to reassert claims over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands in the 1970s, citing historic rights to the area. Tensions resurfaced in September 2012 when Japan purchased three of the disputed islands from the private owner. The economically significant islands, which are northeast of Taiwan, have potential oil and natural gas reserves, are near prominent shipping routes, and are surrounded by rich fishing areas.  • Each country claims to have economic rights in an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of two hundred nautical miles from its coast, but that space overlaps because the sea separating China and Japan only spans three hundred and sixty nautical miles. After China discovered natural gas near the overlapping EEZ-claimed area in 1995, Japan objected to any drilling in the area due to the fact that the gas fields could extend into the disputed zone. 

12. Pakistan • Pakistan’s military and its spy agency, Inter-Services Intelligence, have covertly supported the Taliban in Afghanistan – encouraging chaos there. • ISIS too has now spread to Pakistan, which is believed to have around 130 nuclear weapons in storage.

13. North Korea • Despot Kim Jong-un has executed around 100 state officials since he took over as leader five years ago. • His secretive country has at least 10 nuclear weapons and continues to threaten South Korea and America. • Technically, it has never stopped being at war with the South since 1953. • The regime lets thousands of its citizens die every year in a nation ravaged by disease. • A US Navy carrier strike group recently launched to the Korean Peninsula by President Trump, triggering hints of an aggressive response.

14. Iraq • The 2003 US-led Iraq war killed up to a million Iraqis, gave birth to Islamic State • Now UK and America are backing Iraqi forces as they battle ISIS fighters holding out in Mosul. • Barely a week goes by without news of suicide bombings and other terror atrocities across this war-torn nation.

15. Kurds • With 30 million Kurds in the Middle East there are populations in Iraq, Syria and Iran – and make up a fifth of Turkey’s population. • Turkey is fighting the Kurdish Workers Party the PKK, is hostile to the Kurdish Democratic Unity Party’s armed wing, the YPG, but has good relations with the Kurdish Peshmerga of Northern Iraq. • The Turkish and Syrian Kurds are fighting ISIS and others in Syria but are against the Turkish government.

16. Lebanon • Nearly a quarter of Lebanon’s population is made up of Syrian refugees and sectarian division has risen as ISIS battles with the Shia militant group Hezbollah. • Hezbollah is deeply involved in Syria, where it backs regime forces. Some 1,200 Hezbollah fighters have been killed in Syria. • And ISIS has been bombing Beirut in revenge for Hezbollah’s stance. Lebanon is vital in a strategic sense. • It is on Israel’s doorstep– so jihadist groups must not get a foothold there.

17. LIBYA • At least 35,000 people have been killed since the Arab Spring uprising in which despot leader Muammar Gaddafi died in 2011. • British forces backed the rebellion with airstrikes and artillery but the civil war caused a power vacuum. • Al-Qaeda and IS gained a foothold and the battle is still underway to wipe them out. • Military sources say our special forces have been there for some time as Libya is the gateway to Europe. • Gaddafi was shot at close quarters after being seized by rebels in Sirte.

18. Democratic republic of Congo • More than 70 groups are fighting despite the presence of 20,000 UN troops. • The war is rooted in the refugee crisis which followed the killing of 800,000 Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994. • Two million Hutus, who had committed genocide, fled to Congo and formed armed groups. Opposing Tutsis and other rebel groups arose. • The Congolese government backed off and five million may have been killed. • Britain takes a huge interest in any conflict where so much war-crime is committed.

19. Somalia • Al-Shabaab has 9,000 fighters in Somalia but since closing ground in the capital Mogadishu after 2011, the terror group is weakened. • British fugitive Samantha Lewthwaite, 33 – the so-called White Widow – fled there and is believed to have directed terror raids, suicide attacks and car bombings in Somalia and Kenya. • The mother of four was married to Germaine Lindsay, one of the 7/7 bombers who killed 52 people in London in 2005. • ISIS has a foothold in Somalia and is trying to recruit Al-Shabaab fighters.

20. INDIA/PAKISTAN Border • Both have maintained a fragile ceasefire since 2003 but still exchange fire across the contested border. • Any conflict between these two countries is likely to be extremely bloody and could escalate beyond the region.

21. Palestine • The tension between Israel and Palestine pervades Asia and the wider Muslim world. • Israel has forced tens of thousands of Arabs from homes in land grabs. • Refugee camps are crammed and the debate over a “two-state solution” to solve the conflict continues. • Tensions are high between Israelis and Palestinians in the territories of Gaza, controlled by fundamentalist group Hamas, and The West Bank.

22. SOUTH SUDAN • Over 50,000 people have been killed and more than 1.6 million displaced since war broke out in 2013. • A 2015 peace deal has since collapsed and a transitional government’s future is shaky as violence between groups and regime troops continue. • The British government is taking part in a massive programme to offer aid to South Sudan.

23. EGYPT • Egypt's war against Islamist militants in the Sinai has intensified against a backdrop of insurgency and rising terror atrocities. • Attacks in the country are the highest since the 1990s amid fears it will become a permanent base for IS. • Last year, 45 people died in bombings at two Coptic Christian churches. • Christians claim they are not being protected by the government of President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. • Tourist numbers to the country have recently shrunk.

24. Central African Republic • Since 2013, 6,000 people have been killed in the Central African Republic, with 25 per cent of the 4.6 million population displaced. • After decades of instability an insurgency by the Seleka – primarily Muslim groups – has sparked mass violence. • They seized the capital Bangui and staged a coup in March 2013. • Christian fighters carried out reprisals against Seleka fighters.

25. Ukraine • Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and sent military intelligence into East Ukraine to take control of militia and threaten Kiev’s troops. • Shellings and fighting are frequent and ceasefires have been violated. A recent spike in violence and civilian casualties raised concerns of further escalation. • Russian muscle-flexing and violence against Ukraine must be controlled by NATO to keep Putin in check. • He respects robust action and the UK has deployed troops and warplanes all along the Baltic states.

26. Nigeria • Nearly 50,000 people have died in the war between regime forces and Islamic State-affiliates Boko Haram. • Since armed conflict broke out in 2011, 1.9 million civilians have fled their homes. • The terror group – whose name means “western teaching is a sin” – triggered global outrage by kidnapping 276 schoolgirls in Chibok on April 14, 2014. Some 195 are still held hostage.

27. Venezuela • Pres. Nicholas Maduro, accused of being a dictator. Maduro says it’s a conspiracy with U.S. to question his leadership. • 2016-election of four legislators suspended by Supreme Court of Venezuela • Protestors took to the streets of Caracas, Supreme Court reversed its decision. However, protests continued with rocks and tear gas. Protestors also protested hyperinflation and food shortages. (Gov’t controls food prices, predicted inflation rate of over 2,000%. • Oil production slowed to lowest rate in 30 years, hospitals, medicine and medical equipment in short supply • 2016-27,479 people were killed as victims of crime and as a result of protests. • U.S. has placed sanctions on Venezuela

28. Watch this video on nuclear proliferation before looking at the next slide

29. Nuclear non-proliferation • Only 5 states (U.S., U.K. FR, China and Russia) are allowed to have nuclear weapons under the agreement. • India, Israel, Pakistan and South Sudan did not sign the agreement, assuming that the first three have nuclear weapons • NPT has Three Pillars • Non-proliferation-no trading or distribution of nuclear weapons to other states • Disarmament • Peaceful use of nuclear energy

30. Iran’s nuclear deal with the U.S. • Under the Obama/Iran Nuclear Deal, Iran must comply with the following… • Limit uranium enrichment facilities/decrease access to uranium -uranium is used to enrich nuclear power plants and could be used in production of weapons • Facilities must be regulated by 130-150 inspectors, who may inspect “anytime, anywhere.” • In exchange for compliance, Iran has economic sanctions lifted and thus would benefit economically in range of $56-100 billion.