CMGPD-LN Methodological Lecture Day 5

1. CMGPD-LNMethodological LectureDay 5 Households (Continued) Variables for Position

2. Outline • Houshold • Use of the RELATIONSHIP variable • Indicators for relationship to head • Counts of various relatives of head • Position • Introduction • Relationship of flag variables to original variables • Creation of variables for attainment by next register

3. RELATIONSHIP • String describes relationship of individual to the head of the household • Before 1789, describes relationship to head of yihu • This is the basis of our kinship linkage • Automated linkage of children to their parents • Automated linkage of wives to their husband’s • All based on processing of strings describing relationship

4. RELATIONSHIPCore • e is household head • wis a household head’s wife • m is household head’s mother • f is household head’s father (usually dead) • 1yb, 2yb, 2ob etc. are head’s brothers • Older brothers of the head are unusual • 1yz, 2yz, 2oz etc. are head’s unmarried sisters • 1s, 2s, etc. are head’s sons • 1d, 2d, etc. are the head’s unmarried daughters

5. RELATIONSHIPCombining codes • More distant relationships are built up from these core relationships by combining them • Examples • ff is grandfather of head • fm is grandmother of head • f2yb is an uncle: father’s second younger brother • f2ybw is his wife • f2yb1s is a cousin: father’s 2nd younger brother’s 1st son • 3yb2s is a nephew: 3rd younger brother’s 2nd son • 3s2s is a grandson: 3rd son’s 2nd son • 3s2sw is his wife

6. RELATIONSHIPLinking wives to husbands • Strip the w off of a married woman’s relationship and search the household for the remaining string. • f2yb1sw -> search for f2yb1s • Exceptions • For w, search for e • For f, search for m • For fm, search for ff • Etc. • Basically prepare a target string, and then make use of merge on HOUSEHOLD_ID and the target

7. RELATIONSHIPLinking children to fathers • In most cases, strip off the last relationship code and look for the remainder. • 1s1s -> look for 1s • ff2yb3s2s -> look for ff2yb3s • Exceptions • e look for f • 2yb look for f • f2yb look for ff • To link married women to their fathers-in-law, strip off w first, then convert to father’s relationship

8. RELATIONSHIPIndicators of specify basic relationships to head generate head = RELATIONSHIP == “e” generate head_wife = RELATIONSHIP == “w” generate mother = RELATIONSHIP == “m” generate father = RELATIONSHIP == “f” . tab head SEX if PRESENT & SEX >= 1, row col +-------------------+ | Key | |-------------------| | frequency | | row percentage | | column percentage | +-------------------+ | Sex head | Female Male | Total -----------+----------------------+---------- 0 | 539,935 671,972 | 1,211,907 | 44.55 55.45 | 100.00 | 98.69 78.90 | 86.64 -----------+----------------------+---------- 1 | 7,148 179,658 | 186,806 | 3.83 96.17 | 100.00 | 1.31 21.10 | 13.36 -----------+----------------------+---------- Total | 547,083 851,630 | 1,398,713 | 39.11 60.89 | 100.00 | 100.00 100.00 | 100.00

9. RELATIONSHIPProcessing for distant relationships • Strip out numbers, seniority modifiers y and b, etc. • In a .do file, this will create a new variable with a stripped relationship generate new_RELATIONSHIP = RELATIONSHIP local for_removal "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 o y w" foreach x of local for_removal { replace new_RELATIONSHIP = subinstr(new_RELATIONSHIP,"`x'","",.) }

10. Examples

11. generate brother = new_RELATIONSHIP = “b” & SEX == 2 generate brothers_wife = “b” & SEX == 1 & MARITAL_STATUS !=2 & MARITAL_STATUS > 0 generate sister = new_RELATIONSHIP = “z” & SEX == 1 generate male_cousin = new_RELATIONSHIP = “fbs” & SEX == 2 generate nephew = new_RELATIONSHIP = “bs” & SEX == 2

12. Proportions of different relationships by age generate brother = new_RELATIONSHIP == "b" bysort AGE_IN_SUI: egen males = total(SEX == 2 & PRESENT) bysort AGE_IN_SUI: egen brothers = total(SEX == 2 & brother & PRESENT) generate proportion_brothers = brothers/males by AGE_IN_SUI: generate first_in_age = _n == 1 twoway line proportion_brothers AGE_IN_SUI if AGE_IN_SUI >= 1 & AGE_IN_SUI <= 80 & first_in_age, ytitle("Proportion of males who are brother of a head") scheme(s1mono) bysort AGE_IN_SUI: egen heads = total(SEX == 2 & RELATIONSHIP == "e" & PRESENT) generate proportion_heads = heads/males twoway line proportion_heads AGE_IN_SUI if AGE_IN_SUI >= 1 & AGE_IN_SUI <= 80 & first_in_age, ytitle("Proportion of males who are household head") scheme(s1mono) bysort AGE_IN_SUI: egen sons = total(SEX == 2 & new_RELATIONSHIP == "s" & PRESENT) generate proportion_sons = sons/males twoway line proportion_sons AGE_IN_SUI if AGE_IN_SUI >= 1 & AGE_IN_SUI <= 80 & first_in_age, ytitle("Proportion of males who are son of a head") scheme(s1mono)

16. Relationship at first appearance bysort PERSON_ID (YEAR): generate fa_nephew = new_RELATIONSHIP[1] == "bs" & AGE[1] <= 10 & SEX == 2 & PRESENT bysort PERSON_ID (YEAR): generate fa_son = new_RELATIONSHIP[1] == "s" & AGE[1] <= 10 & SEX == 2 & PRESENT generate fa_nephew_head = fa_nephew & head generate fa_son_head = fa_son & head bysort AGE_IN_SUI: egenfa_sons = total(fa_son) bysort AGE_IN_SUI: egenfa_nephews = total(fa_nephew) bysort AGE_IN_SUI: egenfa_sons_head = total(fa_son_head) bysort AGE_IN_SUI: egenfa_nephews_head = total(fa_nephew_head) generate p_fa_sons_head = fa_sons_head/fa_sons generate p_fa_nephews_head = fa_nephews_head/fa_nephews twoway line p_fa_sons_headp_fa_nephews_head AGE_IN_SUI if AGE_IN_SUI >= 1 & AGE_IN_SUI <= 80 & first_in_age, ytitle("Proportion") scheme(s1mono) twoway line p_fa_sons_headp_fa_nephews_head AGE_IN_SUI if AGE_IN_SUI >= 1 & AGE_IN_SUI <= 80 & first_in_age, ytitle("Proportion now head") scheme(s1mono) legend(order(1 "Appeared as sons of head" 2 "Appeared as nephews of head"))

18. Variables for position • The basic and analytic files include a variety of indicator variables for whether a male holds title • These are based on the raw occupations • Files with hanyu pinyin for raw occupations will be released soon • Occupations with original Chinese characters are being released as a PDF • Turned out to be difficult to include Chinese characters in the released data

19. Variables for position • In the original data, entries included the official positions held by males. • Coders assigned a numeric code to each new position, and entered the code into the dataset. • Codes started again for each new dataset • Transcribed the original Chinese into a codebook • Can use DATASET and POSITION_CODE to look up original Chinese in the appendix to the Analytic release codebook • File available for download soon will allow merging of hanyu pinyin for code.

20. Variables for position • We have provided a variable of flag variables identifying different kinds of position • HAS_POSITION • Any salaried official position or purchased title • Doesn’t include miding, piding, etc. Those were statuses, not salaried official positions • ESTIMATED_INCOME • Imputed income based on stipends associated with the position(s) held by an individual • RANK • Bureaucratic rank, based on specification of pin in the position • BI_TIE_SHI, ZHI_SHI_REN, and flags for specific positions • JUAN, DING_DAI etc. for presence of modifiers • EXAMINATION for any examination-related title • NO_STATUS indicates that no status at all was recorded for a male, even though we would have expected one.

21. Studying attainment • We have mainly used event-history • Determinants of chances of attaining position by next register • Allows for consideration of time-varying characteristics • Characteristics of kin • An alternative would be to look at determinants of attaining a position by a specific age, with one observation per person

22. Creating variables to identify attainment of position by next register generate at_risk_position = SEX == 2 & PRESENT & NEXT_3 & HAS_POSITION == 0 bysort PERSON_ID (YEAR): generate next_position = at_risk_position & HAS_POSITION[_n+1] bysort AGE_IN_SUI: egentotal_at_risk_position = total(at_risk_position) bysort AGE_IN_SUI: egentotal_next_position = total(next_position) generate p_next_position = total_next_position/total_at_risk_position twoway line p_next_position AGE_IN_SUI if AGE_IN_SUI >= 1 & AGE_IN_SUI <= 80 & first_in_age, ytitle("Proportion attaining position by next register") scheme(s1mono)