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Wars of Religion. Background on France. Habsburg-Valois Wars – Ended in 1559. War between Spain and France over control of Italy. (We didn’t talk about this much) Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis French Monarchy remained loyal to Rome and Catholic Church.
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Background on France • Habsburg-Valois Wars – Ended in 1559. • War between Spain and France over control of Italy. (We didn’t talk about this much) • Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis • French Monarchy remained loyal to Rome and Catholic Church. • Concordat of Bologna – Treaty with Pope to allow French Crown to appoint all bishops and abbots. • Significant portion of French were Calvinists. • Known as Huguenots • 10% of population – Mostly in urban areas
Weak Leadership leads to War • King Henry II gets shot in the face. • 3 successive heirs proved feeble and weak. • Lords and Nobles rebelled against this weakness by adopting Protestantism. • Wars broke out between Protestants and Catholics in France. • Over use of sacred images, sacraments, etc • Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • King Sister Margaret Valois (Catholic) married Henry of Navarre (Protestant) • Attempt at reconcilation • Resulted in massacre of Huguenots by Catholic mobs • Civil War broke out for 15 years
Politiques and Savior of France • French agriculture, commerce, and trade were on the brink of total collapse. • Politiques – Moderates who wanted a strong monarch to emerge and take control. • Wanted religious tolerance of Huguenots • Catherine de’Medici – Wife of Henry II dies. • Henry III – Assassinated. • Henry of Navarre emerges as heir. (also a politique. Also guys whose wedding caused a Civil War) • Henry converts to Catholicism (Becomes Henry IV) • Issues Edict of Nantes – Religious liberty to Huguenots.
Netherlands – Religious Conflict • Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor abdicates the throne following the Peace of Augsburg. • Leaves control of the Spanish Empire to his son Phillip II. • The Netherlands (Low Countries) were loosely associated cities. • Protestant ideas, especially Calvinism took hold. • Riots and revolts against Catholic Church • Phillip II – Super Catholic Spaniard decides to fix this. • Sends Duke of Alva to handle situation. • “Council of Blood” – Tribunal that led to the death of 1500 Protestants. • He’s also engaged in war with Elizabeth I in England with the Spanish Armada • These actions reaffirmed Catholicism was bad and also Spanish rule was bad. • Civil War Breaks out • 10 Southern Provinces (Modern Day Belgium) stays under Spain • 7 Northern Provinces (Modern Day Netherlands) stays Protestant and declares Independence as the Union of Utrecht.