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1. Materials and P reparation . 2. Configuration.Modules.Transport. Fouling

MEMBRANE SEPARATION. 1. Materials and P reparation . 2. Configuration.Modules.Transport. Fouling. Aleksandra Różek Maria Zator. MATERIALS. MATERIALS. STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS. STEREOISOMERISM MOLECULAR WEIGHT CHAIN INTERACTIONS

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1. Materials and P reparation . 2. Configuration.Modules.Transport. Fouling

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  1. MEMBRANE SEPARATION 1.Materials and Preparation.2.Configuration.Modules.Transport. Fouling Aleksandra Różek Maria Zator

  2. MATERIALS

  3. MATERIALS

  4. STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS

  5. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS • STEREOISOMERISM • MOLECULAR WEIGHT • CHAIN INTERACTIONS • STATE OF THE POLYMERS • EFECT OF POLIMERIC STRUCTURE ON Tg • THERMAL AND CHEMICAL STABILITY • MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

  6. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS • STEREOISOMERISM -H2C=CHR

  7. ni Mi CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS • MOLECULAR WEIGHT Number average molecular weight Histogram demonstrating a possible molecular weight distribution in a polymer Weight average molecular weight

  8. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS • CHAIN INTERACTIONS Average values of strenght of primary and secondary forces

  9. Log E glassy state rubbery state TENSILS MODULUS E THE GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE Tg THE FORCE APPLIED ACROSS AN AREA A NECESSARY TO OBTAIN A GIVEN DEFORMATION THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH TRANSITION FROM THE GLASSY TO THE RUBBERY STATE OCCURS E [N/m2] Tg T CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS • STATE OF THE POLYMERS Tensile modulus E as a function of the temperature for an amorphous polymer

  10. Vs Free volume glassy state rubbery state Tg T CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS • STATE OF THE POLYMERS Specific volume and free volume as a function of temperature FREE VOLUME Free volume THE VOLUME UNOCCUPIED BY THE MACROMOLECULES

  11. a glassy state rubbery state log E b c Tg Tm T CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS • EFECT OF POLIMERIC STRUCTURE ON Tg • CHAIN FLEXIBILITY • THE CHARACTER OF MAIN CHAIN • THE PRESENCE AND NATURE OF THE SIDE CHAINS OR SIDE GROUP • CHAIN INTERACTION Tensile modulus of a semi-crystalline polymers as a function of temperature

  12. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS • THERMAL AND CHEMICAL STABILITY • FACTORS WHICH LEAD TO INCREASE TERMAL • STABILITY ALSO INCREASE THE CHEMICAL STABILITY • THOSE THAT INCREASE Tg AND Tm • THOSE THAT INCREASE THE CRYSTALLINITY

  13. CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYMERS • MECHANICAL PROPERTIES STR: 44 I 45

  14. THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF SO-CALLED-(AB) n-BLOCK COPOLYMER SOFT BLOCK FLEXIBLE AMORPHOUS LOW Tg HARD BLOCK RIGIN CRYSTALLINE/GLASSY HIGH Tg

  15. -CH2-CH-CH2-CH- -CH2-CH-CH2-CH- R+A- R-A+ R+A- R-A+ COUNTER ION FIXED ION POLYELECTROLYTES ANION-EXCHANGE POLYMERIC SUPPORT R= -NR3+ CATION-EXCHANGE R= -SO3- -COO-

  16. MEMBRANE POLYMERS DEFINICJA

  17. γ-Al2O3 , ZrO2 SiO2 AlO4,SiO4 METAL: ALUMINIUM TITANIUM SILICIUM ZIRCONIUM NON-METAL: OXIDE NITRIDE CARBIDE • PROPERTIES • TERMAL STABILITY • CHEMICAL STABILITY • MECHANICAL STABILITY

  18. Mainly made of metal oxides • (ceramics)such a silica, alumina • or oxides of Titanium, Zirconium • or Magnesium • As well in glass, carbon or metal • Expensive (5 to 10 times) • High chemical resistance • Withstand high temperatures • Low selectivity • Fragile • Made of polymers or polymer blends • Low cost • Problems with their mechanical, • chemical resistance • Temperature • pH, Solvents • Pressure

  19. BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES

  20. STRUCTURE OF MEMBRANES

  21. PREPARATION

  22. MEMEBRANES PREPARATON

  23. 1.THE POLYMER IS DISSOLVED IN A SOLVENT 2.THE POLYMER SOLUTION IS CAST ON A SUITABLE SUPPORT (POROUS OR NONPOROUS) 3.SOLVENT IS ALLOWED TO EVAPORATE IN AN INTER ATMOSPHERE 4. ALLOWING THE DENSE MEMBRANES TO BE OBTINED

  24. 1. A CAST FILM (POLYMER AND SOLVENT) IS PLACED IN A VAPOUR ATMOSPHERE OF A NONSOLVENT SATURATED IN THE SAME SOLVENT 2. THE HIGH SOLVENT CONCENTRATION IN THE VAPOUR PHASE PREVENTS THE EVAPORATION OF SOLVENT FROM THE CAST FILM 3.NONSOLVENT START PENETRATE THE CAST FILM 4.THE CAST FILM IS ALLOWED TO EVAPORATE

  25. 1.THE POLYMER IS DISSOLVED IN A MIXTURE OF SOLVENT AND NONSOLVENT 2.SINCE THE SOLVENT IS MORE VOLATILE THAN NONSOLVENT,THE COMPOSITION SHIFTS DURING EVAPORATION TO HIGHER NONSOLVENT AND POLYMER CONTENT

  26. A SOLUTION OF POLYMER INA MIXED OR SINGLE SOLVENT • IS COOLED TO ENABLE PHASE SEPARATION TO OCCURE 2. THE SOLVENT EVAPORATE FROM MEMBRANE AND POROUS OCCUR

  27. 1. POLYMER SOLUTION IS CAST ON THE SUITABLE SUPPORT 2. POLYMER SOLUTION IS IMMERSED IN A COAGULATION BATH CONTAINING NONSOLVENT

  28. top layer porous support (polyester) non- woven permeate channel

  29. Interfaced polymerisation 1.Polymerisation reaction occurs between two very reactive monomers at the interface of two immisciblesolvents 2.The support layer is immersed in an aqueous solution containing a reactive monomer 3.Then film is immersed in the second bath containing a water-immiscible solvent In which another reactive monomer has been dissolved 4.The two reactive monomers , react with each other to form a dense polymeric toplayer

  30. Dip-coating 1. An asymmetric membrane , is immersed in the coating solution, Containing the polymer andmonomer 2.The concentration of the solute in the solution being low 3.When the asymmetric membrane is removed from the bath containing the coating material and the solvent , a thin layer of solution adheres to it 4.The film is then put in an oven ,where the solvent evaporates and where crosslinking also occurs

  31. Plasma polymerisation 1.The plasma being obtained by the ionisation of a gas by means of an electrical discharge at high frequencies up to 10 MHz 2.On entering the reactor the gas is ionised 3.The reactants are supplied separately to the reactor 4.All kinds of radicals will be formed through colisions with the ionised gas , which are capable of reeacting with each other 5.the resulting products will precipitate when their molecular weight becomes to high

  32. Modification of homogeneous dense membranes Modification can drastically change intrinsic properties of materials , Especially when the ionic groups are introduced

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