1 / 21

Islamic Civilization 570 – 1250 CE Unit VI Chapter 10

Islamic Civilization 570 – 1250 CE Unit VI Chapter 10. Mr. Pawlowski World History 2010 - 2011. Arabian Peninsula. Arabian Peninsula. Bodies of Water: Red Sea Gulf of Aqaba Persian Gulf Arabian Sea Geography: Arabian Desert: natural resources g roundwater Mountains:

zeheb
Download Presentation

Islamic Civilization 570 – 1250 CE Unit VI Chapter 10

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Islamic Civilization570 – 1250 CEUnit VIChapter 10 Mr. Pawlowski World History 2010 - 2011

  2. Arabian Peninsula

  3. Arabian Peninsula • Bodies of Water: • Red Sea • Gulf of Aqaba • Persian Gulf • Arabian Sea • Geography: • Arabian Desert: • natural resources • groundwater • Mountains: • Mount Al-NabiShu'ayb (SW) • Mount Al-Lawz(NW) • Mount Al-Sham (SE) • Arabian Subcontinent

  4. Bedouins • Nomadic Arabs • organized into clans/tribes • leader – sheikh • ‘camel-breeders’ • Semitic Speakers • Sedentary tribes organized villages around oases • focus: trade & animal herding • Religion: • Polytheistic Tribes (Shirk) • Supreme God – Allah • Symbolized by a sacred stone • Ka’aba – houses the sacred ‘black stone’ • location – Makkah (Mecca) • Monotheistic Tribes (Hanif) • follow the laws of Abraham • pre- Judaism & Christianity • Jewish Tribes • Christian Tribes

  5. Trade • Arabian Peninsula: • crossroads of trade • Africa, Asia, Arabia, Europe • Major Cities: • Makkah (Mecca) • Merchants & pilgrims • Yathrib (Medina) • Ta’if • Camel Domestication: • enabled traffic to cross the deserts • ‘caravans’ • Caravan traffic increased wealth of merchants • life of poor decreased

  6. Muhammad (570 – 632 CE) • Birth: • Orphaned as a child • raised by merchant Uncle & Grandfather • Location: Mecca • Marriage (25 years old): • Khadijah - wealthy businesswoman • Revelation (40 years old): • meditates in the Jabal al-Nur mountain • troubled by the richness/corruption of merchants & townspeople • Archangel Gabriel reveals the word of God to Muhammad • last revelation: Abraham, Moses, Jesus • Religion: • teaches/preaches that there is only God and other gods must be abandoned • Khadijah and close relatives/friends are the first followers • Islam: • ‘submission to will of God (Allah)’ • Muslim: • ‘one who has submitted’

  7. Muhammad (570 – 632 CE) • Hijrah – 622 CE: • Migration from Mecca to Yathrib • Muslims were met with hostility in Mecca • Yathrib: renamed Medina • ‘city of the Prophet’ • Political Leader: • established a federation of Arabs, Jews and Muslims • Religious Leader: • continues to draw in converts • Bedouin Tribes • umma – Muslim community • Military Leader: • successful raids on caravans from Mecca • Battle of Badr • 630 CE: Conquers Mecca • destroys idols within the Ka’aba • 632 CE: • Death of Prophet Muhammad - 62 years old

  8. Islamic Beliefs & Practices • Five Pillars • Faith (Shahada): • There is no God but Allah • Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah • Prayer (Salaat): • Five times daily facing Mecca • Dawn, Noon, Mid-Afternoon, Sunset & Evening • Alms (Zakat): • Responsibility to support the less fortunate • 2.5% of income or good deed/behavior toward others • Fasting (Sawm): • Sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan • celebrates the recording of the Qur’an • Pilgrimage (Hajj): • Journey to Mecca during the holy month of Dhu al-Hijjah • Once per lifetime if physically and financially capable

  9. Hajj

  10. Islamic Beliefs & Practices • Monotheistic: • Allah • Holy Text: • Qur’an • Ka’aba: • most sacred site in Islam • Mosque: • house of worship • ‘place for prostration’ • Minaret: • Spires with onion shaped or conical crowns • focal point & call for prayer • Muezzin: • leads the call to prayer • Hadith: • accounts of statements/actions of Muhammad • different versions for each branch • Shari’a: • Sacred law of Islam • divine revelations of the Qur’an • Muhammad’s example • Sunnah: • sayings/living habit of Muhammad • Ulama: • Muslim legal scholars

  11. Judaism & Christianity • Muslims trace their origins to Abraham • accept Moses and Jesus as prophets • Muhammad is the final prophet • ‘People of the Book’ • Religious tolerance towards Christians & Jews • Shari’a Law

  12. Islam – Holy Cities Mecca Medina

  13. Spread of Islam

  14. Spread of Islam • Islam spread rapidly via trade & conquest • overcame geographic obstacles • deserts & mountains • Byzantine & Persian Empires could not contain the spread • prisoners of war were enslaved • Arabic spread with Islam and facilitated trade • Unity was difficult to maintain after the death of Muhammad • Muslim community elect a caliph as leader • caliph - successor

  15. Umayyad Empire

  16. Sunni – Shi’a Split • Revolt of Hussein – 680 CE: • Grandson of Muhammad revolts against the Umayyad Dynasty • attempted to reinstate the ‘true’ Islamic authority • Shi’a: • believe the Caliph must be a direct descendent of Muhammad through his son-in-law Ali and grandson • Sunni: • do not believe the Caliph must be a descendent of Muhammad • Sufi: • attempt to achieve personal contact with God • focus on the Qur’an, traditions of Muhammad, meditation, chanting

  17. Trade • Islamic traders spread ideas/products & knowledge • Africa, Asia, Middle East & Europe • Exchange of Goods: • Sub Saharan Africa: Gold and Slaves • China: Silk and Porcelain • E. Africa: Gold and Ivory • SE Asia and India: Sandalwood and Spices • Egypt: Grain • Iraq: Linen, Dates, and Precious Stones • W. India: Textiles • Islam spreads to Africa • Ghana – 830 – 1235 CE • Mali – 1240 – 1600 CE • Songhai – 1340 – 1591 CE • ‘Sahelian Kingdoms’

  18. Economy • Cities: • trade led wealthy centers of culture • public baths, public buildings, fountains, courtyards, libraries, museums, etc. • ex: Cordoba, Marrakesh, Baghdad, Cairo • Bazaar: • covered marketplace for the exchange/sale of goods & services • high standards of business and sanitation • Agriculture: • trade introduced new techniques and crops (‘Arab Agricultural Revolution’) • peasant & slave labor • Development of banking facilitates trade • Influences European banking systems during the Renaissance • Abbasid dinar & sakks

  19. Society • Four Social Classes: • Muslims at birth • Muslim converts • ‘protected people’ • Christians, Jews & Zoroastrians • slaves • non-Muslims prisoners of war • military/domestic service • Role of Women: • Men managed the affairs of women • male guardians, pre-arranged marriage • Men could have up to four wives if he could afford the dowry • Women's rights: • could earn a living, own/inherit property, divorce • Qur’an grants women spiritual equality

  20. Hijab Hijab Chador • Burqa • Covering varies from country to country

  21. Mathematics & Astronomy Mathematics Astronomy Interest: mark religious periods: Ramadan Hajj prayer towards Mecca Observations: estimated size and distance of celestial bodies improved tables of the orbits of the sun and moon improved the astrolabe revolutionized ideas of optics aided the development of trigonometry and cartography • Muhammad al-Khwarizmi (780 – 850 CE): • The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing: • foundation text of modern algebra • ‘al-jabr’ • Arabic Numerals: • adopted the numerical system and concept of zero from Indian mathematicians • spread by Arabs to Europe

More Related