IBD

1. IBD Dr Samantha Chambers FY2

2. Aims • What is IBD • Differences between UC and Crohn’s • Presentation • Extra-intestinal manifestations • Investigations • Management • Case scenario

3. What is IBD? The boring bit • Inflammatory bowel disease: a group of idiopathic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract • Usually affect 15-30 age group, but any age, UC shows bimodal incidence(>60) • No major sex difference • More common in Western world • Mainly Crohn’s disease and UC • Crohn’s 50-100 cases/ 100,000 population • UC twice as common as Crohn’s • Multifactorial aetiology: • Crohn’s – NOD2 susceptibility gene • NSAIDs and stress exacerbate disease • Other types • Indeterminate colitis • Microscopic colitis which you DO NOT need to worry about!!

4. Crohn’svs Ulcerative colitis Picture here

5. Presentation • Can be hard to distinguish the 2 from history – there are a few clues • Diarrhoea (nocturnal diarrhoea is always pathological) • +++ in UC • +/- blood • +/- mucus • Crampy abdominal pain • Weight loss • Tenesmus, urgency – rectal disease • Fever, malaise, anorexia – active disease • Perianal disease (commoner in Crohn’s) – fistulas, fissures • RIF mass (Crohn’s) • Oral apthous ulcers (commoner in Crohn’s) • Clubbing (commoner in Crohn’s)

6. Extra intestinal manifestations • Skin, eyes and joints!! • Erythema nodosum • Pyodermagangrenosum • Scleritis • Episcleritis • Oligoarthropathy • Sacroiliitis! • Ankylosing spondylitis rate is higher in IBD • Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis • UC> Crohns • Progressing stricturing and obstruction of biliary tree • Fluctuating obstruction LFTs (ALP>ALT) • Higher risk of cholangiocarcinoma and Bowel cancer

7. Differential diagnoses • Inflammatory • UC • Crohn’s disease • Infective colitis • Acute abdomen • Appendicitis • Diverticular disease • Cancer • Pseudomembranous colitis • Radiation colitis • Ischaemic colitis • Lymphoma • Don’t forget Gynae! • Ectopic pregnancy • Ovarian cyst

8. Investigations • Bedside • Urine dip, BM • ECG if tachycardic when presents • Bloods • FBC – Anaemia, WBCs • U&Es - ?dehydration • LFTs - ? Obstructive picture (ALP>ALT) • CRP – monitoring disease response/deterioration • TFTs – exclude thyroid disease (hyper – diarrrhoea) • Stool – exclude infective cause • MC&S • (Faecal calprotectin) • Imaging • Erect CXR – exclude perforation in acute presentation • AXR - ? Toxic megacolon • CT abdo + pelvis • MRI small bowel for ?small bowel Crohn’s • MRI pelvis for perianal/rectal disease in Crohn’s • Older/out of date – Barium enema/ follow through – shows stricture’s, rose thorn ulcers, cobblestoning • Special tests • Endoscopy + biopsy! (OGD, Flexi Sig, Colonoscopy (never in acute flare!!), enteroscopy)

9. Management • Acute presentation: ABCDE!! • Conservative • Patient education (reduce non-complicance), diet advice (eg.low residue if strictures), smoking cessation advice (!) • MDT involvement – IBD nurse specialist, nutritionist, stoma nurse • Medical • Acute - to induce remission • Corticosteroids inc IV hydrocortisone • Infliximab as rescue therapy • Symptomatic – treat anaemia • Chronic - to maintain remission • 5 ASAs (Mesalazine) – cornerstone of disease management – take time to work • Localised – suppositories/foam enemas to treat proctitis • Steroids – out of fashion due to side effects • Steroid sparing agents (immunosuppressants e.g. azathioprine, methotrexate) • Biologics; • Infliximab – anti-TNF alpha; Adalimumab (Humira) • Surgical • Acute – for toxic megacolon, failure of medical therapy, perforation • Resection/ colectomy (usually Hartmann’s procedure) • Panproctocolectomy is curative for UC • Chronic – resection of Crohn’s strictures • Local surgery in perianal disease • Elective panproctocolectomy for UC – cancer risk

10. Prognosis • Crohn’s may need several operations (increases adhesions) • Prone to stricturesand fistulas • Considerable morbidity, 15% mortality rate • UC – panproctocolectomy is curative • UC patients have higher risk of bowel cancer (>10yrs) • Need surveillance colonoscopies • N.b. UC + PSC = even higher bowel ca risk

11. Case scenario • 29 year old female, one month history of loose watery stools, increasing in frequency to 12 times per day now. Occasionally stools have blood and slime mixed in with them. Cramping left iliac fossa pain. Feels unwell and lethargic. On examination, febrile at 38.2. Has a soft abdomen but slightly distended and tender in the left iliac fossa. PR examination is very painful and reveals fresh blood and mucus on the glove

12. 29 year old female, one month history of loose watery stools, increasing in frequency to 12 times per day now. Occasionally stools have blood and slime mixed in with them. Cramping left iliac fossa pain. Feels unwell and lethargic. On examination, febrile at 38.2. Has a soft abdomen but slightly distended and tender in the left iliac fossa. PR examination is very painful and reveals fresh blood and mucus on the glove • What are your main differential diagnoses for this lady? • How would you investigate this patient acutely and long term? • Initial management in acute setting? • Long-term management? • Can you compare the clinical presentation and pathological findings for Crohns and UC? • Can you tell me the effect of smoking on UC and Crohns? • What scoring system is used for acute UC? • What are the extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD • Please explain a colonoscopy to the patient

13. Questions ?