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Genes and Disease: Cancer

Genes and Disease: Cancer. Chapter 23. Tumors (Neoplasms) . Masses that show abnormal growth Benign tumors Grow slowly Remain in place Moles are example Malignant tumors (cancer). Cancer Characteristics. Cells lack normal contact inhibition Weakened capacity for adhesion Metastasis

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Genes and Disease: Cancer

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  1. Genes and Disease: Cancer Chapter 23

  2. Tumors (Neoplasms) • Masses that show abnormal growth • Benign tumors • Grow slowly • Remain in place • Moles are example • Malignant tumors (cancer)

  3. Cancer Characteristics • Cells lack normal contact inhibition • Weakened capacity for adhesion • Metastasis • Some kinds produce HCG • Some produce angiogenin, which encourages blood vessel growth

  4. Cells break away Metastasis Enter blood vessel Emerge in new tissue

  5. Proto-Oncogenes • Normal genes that regulate cell growth and development • Encode growth factors, proteins that regulate cell adhesion, and protein signals for cell division • If altered, may be converted to an oncogene

  6. Oncogenes & Tumor-Suppressor Genes • Oncogene does not act alone to cause cancer • Cancer usually requires mutations in several genes, including at least one tumor-suppressor gene • p53 is a tumor-suppressor gene that is mutated or absent in about half of cancers

  7. Heredity Viruses Radiation Breakdown in immunity Other Routes to Cancer • Environmental chemicals • Pesticides • Industrial chemicals • Hydrocarbons in smoke • Plant and fungal carcinogens

  8. Warning Signs of Cancer • Change in bowel or bladder habits • A sore that does not heal • Unusual bleeding • Thickening or lump • Indigestion, difficulty swallowing • Obvious change in wart or mole • Nagging cough or hoarseness

  9. Diagnosing Cancer • Blood tests for tumor markers • Medical imaging • Biopsy • DNA probe

  10. Treating Cancer • Chemotherapy • Monoclonal antibodies • Immunotherapy Interferons Cancer vaccines Interleukins

  11. Limiting Cancer Risk • Avoid tobacco • Limit alcohol • Maintain desirable weight • Eat healthy diet • Be aware of potential chemical exposure • Protect skin from sunlight • If menopausal, consider risks of estrogen

  12. Types of Cancer & Their Origins • Sarcoma (connective tissue) • Carcinoma (epithelium) • Adenocarcinoma (glandular tissue) • Lymphoma (lymphoid tissue) • Leukemia (blood-forming regions of bone marrow)

  13. Breast Cancer 1 in 9 women Risk factorsObesity Late childbearing Early puberty Late menopause Family history Detection Self examination Mammogram Treatment Surgery Drugs Tamoxifen

  14. Reproductive System Cancers Uterine cancer (endometrium, cervix) Pap smear Ovarian cancer Taxol Testicular cancer Self examination Prostate cancer Digital rectal exam PSA blood test

  15. Oral and Lung Cancers Oral cancers • Tobacco use • Alcohol use Lung cancers • Tobacco use • Secondhand smoke • Asbestos, industrial chemicals Lung cancers kill more people than any other cancers

  16. Digestive System Cancers • Stomach cancer • Pancreatic cancer • Liver cancer • Colon cancer

  17. Cancers of the Blood and Lymphatic System Lymphomas • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma • Hodgkin’s disease • Burkitt lymphoma Leukemias • Stem cells overproduce white blood cells • Vincristine and vinblastine

  18. Skin Cancer • Most common of all cancers • Basal cell carcinoma • Squamous cell carcinoma • Malignant melanoma • Deadliest skin cancer • Kills 5,600 per year in United States

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