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Taxonomy and Classification of Microbes (Especially Prokaryotes)

Taxonomy and Classification of Microbes (Especially Prokaryotes). The Three Domains and What Distinguishes Them Review of Characteristics of Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses The Taxonomic Hierarchy and Species Definitions Characteristics Used to Classify Prokaryotes

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Taxonomy and Classification of Microbes (Especially Prokaryotes)

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  1. Taxonomy and Classification of Microbes (Especially Prokaryotes) • The Three Domains and What Distinguishes Them • Review of Characteristics of Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses • The Taxonomic Hierarchy and Species Definitions • Characteristics Used to Classify Prokaryotes • Nine Medically Important Groups of Prokaryotes • Dichotomous Keys and Microbe Identification

  2. Three Domain System • Eucarya • Eubacteria • Archaea Protista Animalia Fungi Plantae Methanogens Halophiles Thermoacidophiles Gram positives Gram negatives Spirochetes Cyanobacteria • Linear DNA chromosomes • Eukaryotic cell type • Cell walls variable if present • Straight chain phospholipids • Antibiotic insensitive • Methionine for first aa • Circular DNA chromosome • Prokaryotic cell type • No peptidoglycan in cell walls • Branched chain phospholipids • Antibiotic insensitive • Methionine for first aa • Circular DNA chromosome • Prokaryotic cell type • Peptidoglycan cell walls • Straight chain phospholipids • Antibiotic sensitive • F-methionine for first aa

  3. The Three-Domain System Figure 10.1

  4. Taxonomy and Classification of Microbes (Especially Prokaryotes) • The Three Domains and What Distinguishes Them • Review of Characteristics of Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, & Viruses • The Taxonomic Hierarchy and Species Definitions • Characteristics Used to Classify Prokaryotes • Nine Medically Important Groups of Prokaryotes • Dichotomous Keys and Microbe Identification

  5. Review Chart of Cell Characteristics Non- living Domain Eukarya Domain Domain Bacteria Archaea Protista Animalia Plantae Fungi Viruses Cell type Chromo-somes Cell wall? Uni/multicellular Energy source Example organism

  6. Review Chart of Cell Characteristics Non- living Domain Eukarya Domain Domain Eubacteria Archaea Protista Animalia Plantae Fungi Viruses Cell type Chromo-somes Cell wall? Uni/multicellular Energy source Example organism prokaryotic prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic no cells

  7. Review Chart of Cell Characteristics Non- living Domain Eukarya Domain Domain Eubacteria Archaea Protista Animalia Plantae Fungi Viruses Cell type Chromo-somes Cell wall? Uni/multicellular Energy source Example organism prokaryotic prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic no cells 1 Circular DNA 1 Circular DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA DNA or in nucleoid in nucleoid in nucleus in nucleus in nucleus in nucleus RNA

  8. Review Chart of Cell Characteristics Non- living Domain Eukarya Domain Domain Eubacteria Archaea Protista Animalia Plantae Fungi Viruses Cell type Chromo-somes Cell wall? Uni/multicellular Energy source Example organism prokaryotic prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic no cells 1 Circular DNA 1 Circular DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA DNA or in nucleoid in nucleoid in nucleus in nucleus in nucleus in nucleus RNA yes, most of none or none none yes, of yes, of no murein pseudomurein cellulose chitin

  9. Review Chart of Cell Characteristics Non- living Domain Eukarya Domain Domain Eubacteria Archaea Protista Animalia Plantae Fungi Viruses Cell type Chromo-somes Cell wall? Uni/multicellular Energy source Example organism prokaryotic prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic no cells 1 Circular DNA 1 Circular DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA DNA or in nucleoid in nucleoid in nucleus in nucleus in nucleus in nucleus RNA yes, most of none or none none yes, of yes, of no murein pseudomurein cellulose chitin unicellular unicellular unicellular multicellular multicellular uni & multi no cells multicell

  10. Review Chart of Cell Characteristics Non- living Domain Eukarya Domain Domain Eubacteria Archaea Protista Animalia Plantae Fungi Viruses Cell type Chromo-somes Cell wall? Uni/multicellular Energy source Example organism prokaryotic prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic no cells 1 Circular DNA 1 Circular DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA DNA or in nucleoid in nucleoid in nucleus in nucleus in nucleus in nucleus RNA yes, most of none or none none yes, of yes, of no murein pseudomurein cellulose chitin unicellular unicellular unicellular multicellular multicellular uni & multi no cells heterotrophic hetero, chemo heterotrophic heterotrophic autotrophic heterotrophic none chemotrophic autotrophic

  11. Review Chart of Cell Characteristics Non- living Domain Eukarya Domain Domain Eubacteria Archaea Protista Animalia Plantae Fungi Viruses Cell type Chromo-somes Cell wall? Uni/multicellular Energy source Example organism prokaryotic prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic no cells 1 Circular DNA 1 Circular DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA Linear DNA DNA or in nucleoid in nucleoid in nucleus in nucleus in nucleus in nucleus RNA yes, most of none or none none yes, of yes, of no murein pseudomurein cellulose chitin unicellular unicellular unicellular multicellular multicellular uni & multi no cells hetero, chemo, hetero, chemo heterotrophic heterotrophic autotrophic heterotrophic none autotrophic autotrophic (autotrophic) Staphylococcus Sulfolobus Entamoeba Canis Tsuga Saccharomyces HIV aureus histolytica domestica heterophylla cerevesiae

  12. Taxonomy and Classification of Microbes (Especially Prokaryotes) • The Three Domains and What Distinguishes Them • Review of Characteristics of Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses • The Taxonomic Hierarchy and Species Definitions • Characteristics Used to Classify Prokaryotes • Nine Medically Important Groups of Prokaryotes • Dichotomous Keys and Microbe Identification

  13. Taxonomic Hierarchy Figure 10.5

  14. Classification of a Particular Bacterium Domain Eubacteria Kingdom Prokaryotae (?) Phylum Gram Positive Class Scotobacteria Order Spirochaetales Family Spirochaetaceae GenusTreponema Speciespallidum Scientific name: Treponema pallidum orTreponemapallidum No common name except “syphilis bacteria”

  15. The “Species Definition” Varies By Microbial Type • A eukaryotic species is: • A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves • A prokaryotic species is: • A population of cells with similar characteristics  A clone is a population of cells derived from a single cell •  A strain is composed of cells of a species with minor identifiable differences •  A serovar is a strain identified by serological (antibody-identified) means • A viral species is: • A population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

  16. Taxonomy and Classification of Microbes (Especially Prokaryotes) • The Three Domains and What Distinguishes Them • Review of Characteristics of Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses • The Taxonomic Hierarchy and Species Definitions • Characteristics Used to Classify Prokaryotes • Nine Medically Important Groups of Prokaryotes • Dichotomous Keys and Microbe Identification

  17. Characteristics Used to Classify Prokaryotes • Morphology • Cell shape • Cell wall anatomy (staining characteristics)

  18. Characteristics Used to Classify Prokaryotes • Morphology • Cell shape • Cell wall anatomy (staining characteristics) • Physiology • Spore-forming ability • Motility (how many flagella and where attached) • Fruiting or budding ability • Ability to live with or without oxygen

  19. Characteristics Used to Classify Prokaryotes • Morphology • Cell shape • Cell wall anatomy (staining characteristics) • Physiology • Spore-forming ability • Motility (how many flagella and where attached) • Fruiting or budding ability • Ability to live with or without oxygen • Metabolic abilities • Use of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

  20. Characteristics Used to Classify Prokaryotes • Morphology • Cell shape • Cell wall anatomy (staining characteristics) • Physiology • Spore-forming ability • Motility (how many flagella and where attached, gliding) • Fruiting or budding ability • Ability to live with or without oxygen • Metabolic abilities • Use of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids • Serology (recognition by blood antibodies) • Phage Typing (recognition by specific viruses) • DNA sequencing (similarities in gene sequences)

  21. Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Clostridium tetani Groups of Prokaryotes Escherichia coli Haemophilus influenzae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mycobacterium teuberculosis Corynebacterium diptheriae Mitochondria in eukaryotes      Chloroplasts in eukaryotes

  22. References

  23. Taxonomy and Classification of Microbes (Especially Prokaryotes) • The Three Domains and What Distinguishes Them • Review of Characteristics of Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses • The Taxonomic Hierarchy and Species Definitions • Characteristics Used to Classify Prokaryotes • Nine Medically Important Groups of Prokaryotes • Dichotomous Keys and Microbe Identification

  24. SpirochetesLong, helical bacteria which swim by spinning like corkscrews Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease Treponema pallidum causes syphilis

  25. Gram negative, facultatively anaerobic rods Salmonella (typhoid fever, food poisoning) Shigella sonnei (shigellosis diarrhea) Escherichia coli (urinary tract infections) Vibrio cholerae (cholera diarrhea) Haemophilus influenzae (ear infections, meningitis) Serratia marcescens (urinary, resp tract infections)

  26. Gram negative aerobic rods and cocci Pseudomonas aeruginosa (burn, wound, & other infections) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea) Bordatella pertussis (pertussis/whooping cough)

  27. Rickettsias and Chlamydiasobligate intracellular parasites Rickettsia prowazekii (typhus) Chlamydia trachomatis (urethritis - most common STD)

  28. Mycoplasmas No cell wall, intracellular parasite, small size, unusual sterols in cell membrane Mycoplasma pneumoniae (“walking pneumonia”)

  29. Gram positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes

  30. Endospore forming bacteria Clostridium tetani Bacillus anthracis Clostridium botulinum

  31. Mycobacteria Thick waxy lipids in cell wall (acid fast) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium leprae

  32. Groups of Prokaryotes Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Clostridium tetani Escherichia coli Haemophilus influenzae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mycobacterium teuberculosis Corynebacterium diptheriae Mitochondria in eukaryotes      Chloroplasts in eukaryotes

  33. Archaea (Archaebacteria)Many are morphologically part of the Gram-negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci group Sulfulobus in Yellowstone hot springs Halobacterium in salt lake

  34. Taxonomy and Classification of Microbes (Especially Prokaryotes) • The Three Domains and What Distinguishes Them • Review of Characteristics of Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses • The Taxonomic Hierarchy and Species Definitions • Characteristics Used to Classify Prokaryotes • Nine Medically Important Groups of Prokaryotes • Dichotomous Keys and Microbe Identification

  35. Dichotomous Key

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