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Attachment from infancy to preschool: Domestic violence and other predictors of stability and instability

Collaborators and Grant Support. CollaboratorsAlexander von Eye, Ph.D.Mariam Mourad, M.A.William Davidson, Ph.D.Archana Basu, M.A.Sally Theran, Ph.D.Cecilia Martinez-Torteya, B.A.Robin Weatherill, Ph.D.Parker Huston, B.A.Erika DeJonghe, M.A.Lia Field, B.A.Kerry Leahy, M.A.Carolyn

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Attachment from infancy to preschool: Domestic violence and other predictors of stability and instability

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    1. Attachment from infancy to preschool: Domestic violence and other predictors of stability and instability Alytia A. Levendosky and G. Anne Bogat Michigan State University Alissa C. Huth-Bocks Eastern Michigan University Katherine L. Rosenblum University of Michigan

    2. Collaborators and Grant Support Collaborators Alexander von Eye, Ph.D. Mariam Mourad, M.A. William Davidson, Ph.D. Archana Basu, M.A. Sally Theran, Ph.D. Cecilia Martinez-Torteya, B.A. Robin Weatherill, Ph.D. Parker Huston, B.A. Erika DeJonghe, M.A. Lia Field, B.A. Kerry Leahy, M.A. Carolyn Dayton, M.A. Grant support NIJ – 2 years of funding CDC – 3 years of funding

    3. Background Attachment Stability and instability Low-risk versus high-risk Predictors of attachment stability Domestic violence Income Maternal caregiving representations Gender

    4. Hypotheses/Research Questions What is the concordance rate of attachment in this heterogeneous for risk group from ages 1 to 4? How does the trajectory of DV influence the change/stability of the child’s attachment classifications from ages 1 to 4? How does the trajectory of Income influence the change/stability of the child’s attachment classifications from ages 1 to 4?

    5. Hypotheses/Research Questions How does the change/stability of Maternal Representations from prenatal to 1 year postnatal affect the change/stability of attachment from ages 1 to 4? How is Gender related to attachment change/stability from ages 1 to 4?

    6. Longitudinal Study Research design Quasi-experimental – DV vs no DV Began during pregancy Followed yearly until children age 7 Sample 206 pregnant women Initial recruitment Convenience sampling from community

    7. Demographics Women 62% Caucasian, 25% African-American 47% single, 43% married 42% high school or less, 44% trade school or some college Children 72 males, 78 females 47% Caucasian, 25% African-American, 24% Multiracial

    8. Measures Demographics Income, Gender of child Severity of Violence Against Women Total severity score Working Model of the Child Interview Balanced, Nonbalanced Strange Situation Secure, Insecure

    9. Procedures Interview Lab observations Home interviews Tracking Every 3 months contact Protocol for letters, calling, visiting Payment for contact response 20% attrition over 9 waves (7 ˝ years) Coding WMCI Strange Situation

    10. Attachment Classifications

    11. Patterns of Attachment Secure-Secure n = 58 Secure-Insecure n = 26 Insecure-Secure n = 38 Insecure-Insecure n = 28

    12. Results – Domestic Violence Trajectory Repeated Measures ANOVA 5 periods of DV (prenatal, age 1, age 2, age 3 and age 4) Significant time by pattern interaction Linear effect of time – all groups decreased in DV over time Quadratic effect of time by pattern – such that there were different curvature for the trajectories Secure-insecure group had relatively low rates of DV with a concave trajectory Insecure-insecure group had highest rates of prenatal DV with a convex trajectory

    13. Results – Income Trajectory Repeated Measures ANOVA 5 time periods (prenatal, age 1, age 2, age 3, and age 4) Significant effect of time by pattern Cubic effect of time by pattern Secure-secure group had significantly higher income over all times compared with both insecure-secure and insecure-insecure groups Insecure-secure group began with relatively low income which steadily and slowly rose over time

    14. Results – Maternal Representations Using chi-sq and Configural Frequency Analysis Significant relationship between pattern of maternal representations and patterns of attachment Types: secure-secure and balanced-balanced unstable attachment and unstable maternal representations unstable attachment and nonbalanced-nonbalanced Insecure-insecure and balanced-nonbalanced

    15. Results - Gender Significant difference in attachment classifications by gender More girls secure at age 1 and more boys secure at age 4 No interaction with DV Interaction with Maternal Representations Stability and instability of maternal representations predicted stability or instability of attachment for boys but not for girls

    16. Discussion Attachment concordance not significant Predictors: Domestic violence disrupts mother-child relationship and/or is associated with emotional dysregulation in the child Low income (i.e. economic distress) disrupts parenting behavior and affects mother-child relationship

    17. Discussion Predictors (continued) Stability of maternal balanced representations was a protective factor for stability of secure attachment Gender was associated with change in maternal representations and subsequently in attachment classifications Experiences with male infant positively influenced maternal representations

    18. Limitations and Conclusions All maternal report Domestic violence trajectory Support for broader theory about influence of environmental factors on stability and instability of attachment

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