Opus Novum Review Grammar

1. Opus Novum Review Grammar • Case • Syntactic structures (clauses, absolutes) • Participles • The infinitive • Number • Finite verbs • Declensions

2. Case Case shows what job a noun, adjective or participle is doing in a sentence. These jobs can be subject, direct object, object of preposition, to name a few. Case is expressed by the endings of words, which change according to those jobs. Equus and equos have distinct jobs in a sentence, just like I and me do in English. There are five major cases and two secondary cases

3. Syntactic structures • Purpose clauses • Relative clauses • Complementary infinitives • Indirect statement • Ablative absolutes

4. The present infinitive The active form is simply the 2nd principle part of the verb: mutare, docēre, mittere, audīre, ferre. Its translation comes from its use in the particular sentence. The passive form take the active form and changes the final –e to–ī, with the exception of 3rd conjugation where the whole –ere is dropped before adding the -ī: mutārī, docērī, mittī, audīrī, ferrī.

5. The infinitive The infinitive serves as a secondary verb—While we can think of its basic meaning as “to___”, it gets its actual meaning and use only in relation to the finite verb of the sentence. It should never be considered “The Verb” of a sentence or clause. There are a number of infinitive forms: Present active and passive Perfect active and passive Future active and (rarely) passive

6. The perfect infinitive The active form of the perfect infinitive is the third principle part of the verb with the ending –sse: occupāvisse, mīsisse, tulisse. The passive form is the fourth principle part (generally with an accusative ending agreeing with the leading accusative noun) accompanied by the word esse : occupatum esse, latās esse

7. Infinitive usage The infinitive can be used -- in indirect statement, where it follows a “mind” or “head” verb and a direct object/accusative. --as a complementary infinite following those verbs (studeo, propero, dubito) which need to be completed before they can be understood.

8. Complementary Infinitive The complementary infinitive is an infinitive related to a verb which needs to be “completed” before its full meaning can be understood. Such verbs include studeō, properō, dubitō, possum. (list of most common complementary infinitives) Exemplum Mars nōn poterat militēs gloriōsōs docēre. Mars was not able to teach the boastful soldiers

9. Common Complementary infinitives • coepī, coeptus (defective verb-only 3rd and 4th principle parts) he/she/it began to • constituō, constituere 3, constituī, constitūtus to decide • debeō, debere 2, debuī, debitus to ought to • dubitō, dubitāre 1, dubitavī, dubitātus to hesitate or doubt • mereō, merere 2, meruī, meritus to deserve • possum, posse, potuī, --- to be able (can) • properō, properāre 1, properavī, properātus to hurry or hasten • studeō, studere 2, studui to be eager, to be desirous • timeō, timere 2, timui to fear, to be afraid to

10. Purpose clause A purpose clause is a subordinate clause that expresses why someone does something. In Latin, a purpose clause is introduced by and ut (so that) or nē (so that . . .not) and uses a verb the subjunctive mood. Exempla Cornelia gladium invēnit ut comās removēret. Cornelia took a sword so that she could remove (her) hair. Faber pilam rapuit nē filia eam super murum iaceret. The craftsman grabbed the ball so that the daughter would not throw it overthe wall again.

11. Indirect statement Indirect statement is a reported or conveyed statement. Statement: the dog was barking. Indirect statement: The boys knew that the dog was barking Indirect statement has three components. A mind/head verb A d.o./accusative An infinitive exempla

12. Indirect statement An indirect statement is simple statement that is being reported or commented on in some way. In Latin indirect statement is expressed by using a head/mind verb along with a direct object and an infinitive. That d.o. can be considered the lead noun of the infinitive and will be translated as if it were a subject. Indirect Statement Exempla

13. Mind or Head Verbs Mind/heads verbs are verbs which express obvious mental processes: videre, audire, dicere, sentire,etc. They are often used to introduce indirect statement. (list of common mind/head verbs)

14. Common Head/Mind Verbs • Audiō 4: to hear • Respondeō, respondere 2, respondī, responsus: to answer, reply • Sciō 4: to know • Videō, videre 2, vidī, visus: to see • Cognoscō, cognoscere 3, cognovī, cognitus: to get to know, realize, become aware of • Sentiō, sentīre 4, sensī, sensus: to feel • Credō, credere 3, credidī, creditus: to believe • Sperō 1: to hope • Clamō 1: to shout • Negō 1: to deny, refuse

15. Indirect statement exempla • Discipula equōs currere ex agro viderat. • The student had seen that the horses were running from the field. • Dux piratam ad urbem fugere clamābat. • The leader was shouting that the pirate was fleeing toward the city • Dominus militēs villam et hortōs et nummōs non bene (well) custodivisse cognovit. • The master knew that the soldiers had not guarded the farm and the garden and the coins well

16. Indirect Statement Exempla Domina filiās dormīre vīdit. The mistress saw that the daughters were sleeping. Musca ranam accedere sensit. The fly felt that the frog was approaching. Clamābat magister pueros mensas in hortum trahere. The teacher was shouting that they boys were dragging the tables into the garden

17. Relative Clause A relative clause is a complete sentence found inside another sentence which describes one of the nouns in that second sentence. The relative clause begins with a relative pronoun which shows the same number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine) as the noun it is describing. The relative clause usually ends with a verb. Relative clause exempla Relative pronoun forms

18. Relative pronouns masc. fem. neuter Singular Nominative quī quae quod Genitive cuius cuius cuius Dative cuī cuī cuī Accusative quem quam quod Ablative quō quā quō Plural Nominative quī quae quae Genitive quōrum quārum quōrum Dative quibus quibus quibus Accusative quōs quās quae Ablative quibus quibus quibus

19. Relative clause exempla Nuntius quem regina mandāvit non tacebat. The messenger whom the queen sent was not keeping quiet. Nuntius quī non tacēbat clamāvit et populum permovit. The messenger, who was not keeping quiet, shouted and moved the people deeply. Puella quam magister docēbat equōs amavit. The girl whom the teacher was teaching loved horses.

20. Finite verbs Finite verbs are those verbs which take a nominative subject and can be considered the central element of a Latin sentence. Finite verbs can be either active or passive

21. Finite verb tense • Finite verbs all show tense, i.e., the time when something happens. • They also show mood; indicative or subjunctive. As a very general rule, indicative states facts, while subjunctive gives wishes, commands or hopes—that is a very gross simplification.

22. Finite verb tense and meaningIndicative The indicative tenses in Latin (with meanings) are Present: s/he __________s, s/he is _________ing, Does s/he___________? Imperfect: she was _______ing, she used to________. Future: she will _______, she is going to________. Perfect: s/he________ed, s/he has ________ed, did s/he__________? Pluperfect: s/he had__________ed. Future perfect: s/he she will have _____________ed.

23. Finite verb tense and meaningsubjunctive The subjunctive tenses in Latin are Present: let him/her__________, he/she may_______________ Imperfect: s/he would, might _______________. Perfect: s/he _____________ed Pluperfect s/he would have _____________ed; In some contexts, the subjunctive is translated just like its indicative counterpart.

24. Finite verbs endingsIndicative active 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Present -at -et -it -it Imperfect -ābat -ēbat -ēbat -iēbat Future -ābit -ēbit -et -iet Perfect: add –t to the 3rd principle part Pluperfect: add –erat to the 3rd principle part, after removing the -ī Future perfect: add –erit to the 3rd principle part, after removing the -ī paradigm

25. Finite verbs formsIndicative passive 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Present -atur -etur -itur -itur Imperfect -ābatur -ēbatur -ēbatur -iēbatur Future -ābitur -ēbitur -etur -ietur Perfect: add the word est to the 4th principle part Pluperfect: add the word erat to the 4th principle part. Future perfect: add the word erit to the 4th principle part. paradigm

26. Conjugations Verb are sorted in 4 conjugations. The inifinitive shows the conjugation (-āre, -ēre, -ere, -īre). The conjugation dictates what vowels will be before the endings in the imperfect tense (tenebat, audiebat), as well as the present participle (necantem, ponentes). They are also important in forming the present (both indicative and subjunctive) and future tenses. These forms are not learned in the first semester.

27. Present and Future tenses active 1st conjugation 2nd 3rd* 4th Present indicative Portat docet mittit audit Present subjunctive Portet doceat mittat audiat Future indicative Portabit docebit mittet audiet *3rd –io verbs (like facio, facere, fēcī, factus) straddle the 3rd and 4th conjugations. Usually they resemble the 4th conjugation (facit, faciat, faciet) but in the infinitive (facere) and imperative resemble the 3rd. Click here for passive

28. Present and Future tenses passive 1st conjugation 2nd 3rd* 4th Present indicative Portatur docetur mittitur auditur Present subjunctive Portetur doceatur mittatur audiatur Future indicative Portabitur docebitur mittetur audietur *3rd –io verbs (like facio, facere, fēcī, factus) straddle the 3rd and 4th conjugations. Usually they resemble the 4th conjugation (facit, faciat, faciet) but in the infinitive (facere) and imperative resemble the 3rd. Click here for active

29. Finite verbs formsIndicative active 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Present amat docet mittit audit Imperfect amābat docēbat mittēbat audiēbat Future amābit docēbit mittet audiet Perfect: amāvit docuit mīsit audīvit Pluperfect: amāverat docuerat mīserat audīverat Future perf: amāverit docuerit mīserit audīverit Click here for passive

30. Finite verbs formsIndicative passive 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Present amatur docetur mittitur auditur Imperfect amābatur docēbatur mittēbatur audiēbatur Future amābitur docēbitur mittetur audietur Perfect: amātus est doctus est mīssus est audītus est Pluperfect: amātus erat doctus erat missus erat audītus erat Future perf: amātus erit doctus erit missus erit audītus erit Click here for active

31. Finite verb endingsSubjunctive active 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Present -et -eat -at -iat Imperfect -āret -ēret -eret -īret Perfect: add –erit to the 3rd principle part, after removing the -ī Pluperfect: add –sset to the 3rd principle part paradigm

32. Finite verbs formsSubjunctive active 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Present amet doceat mittat audiat Imperfect amāret docēret mitteret audīret Perfect amāverit docuerit mīserit audīverit Pluperf amāvisset docuisset mīsisset audīvisset Click here for passive

33. Finite verbs formsSubjunctive passive 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Present ametur doceatur mittatur audiatut Imperfect amāretur docēretur mitteretur audīretur Perfect amātus sit doctus sit missus sit audītus sit Pluperf amātus esset doctus esset missus esset audītus esset Click here for active

34. Participles Participles are adjectives made from verbs. There are 4 different types of participles in Latin Present active with the endings -ns, -ntēs Perfect passive made from the 4th principle part Future active showing –ur-before the ending Future passive-showing –nd-before the ending

35. Present participle active endings • The present participle uses third declension endings Singular Plural Nominative duce-ns duce-nt-ēs Genitive duce-nt-is duce-nt-ium Dative duce-nt-is duce-nt-ibus Accusative duce-nt-is duce-nt-ēs Ablative duce-nt-is duce-nt-ibus likewise: ama-ns; doce-ns, audie-ns

36. Present participle usage • The present participle, translated ____ing, can serve as an adjective for any noun: Puer currens ancillās in hortō dormientēs vidit. • Since is originates from verb it can even take a direct object: Puer sportulas ferens ancillās mensam trahentēs vidit. Present participle active forms

37. Perfect Passive Participle The perfect participle passive, translated having been_____ed, can serve as an adjective for any noun: Dux occupatus per forum cucurrerat. And sometimes there is another element between the participle and its noun. Puer in hortō visus florēs ex ancillīs raptōs ferebat. Perfect participle passive forms

38. Perfect Passive Participle • The perfect passive participle uses the same endings as 1st and 2nd declension nouns. The 1st declension endings are used if the noun described is feminine, the 2nd if masculine. (forms)

39. Past participle passive forms Singular Nominative uxor amāt-a hospēs amāt-us Genitive uxoris amāt-ae hospitis amāt-ī Dative uxorī amāt-ae hospitī amāt-ō Accusative uxorem amāt-am hospitem amāt-um Ablative uxore amāt-ā hospite amāt-ō Plural Nominative uxorēs amāt-ae hospitēs amāt-ī Genitive uxorum amāt-ārum hospitum amāt-ōrum Dative uxoribus amāt-īs hospitibus amāt-īs Accusative uxorēs amāt-ās hospitēs amāt-ōs Ablative uxoribus amāt-īs hospitibus amāt-īs

40. Number Number is the term for whether something is singular or plural. All nouns, adjective and participles have to show number as well as case and gender. Verbs also have number but it is not treated in the first semester.

41. 7 cases There are five major cases in Latin: • nominative • genitive • dative • accusative • ablative and two secondary cases: • vocative • locative

42. Cases—Five major • Nominative—used for the subject or words describing the subject • Genitive-used for possession and with some adjectives, verbs and prepositions • Dative-used for the indirect object (to or for someone or something) and with some verbs • Accusative-used mainly for the direct object and with some prepositions. • Ablative-used with some prepositions [a(b), e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], ablative absolutes, and when used alone, the ablative of means.

43. The five major cases • Nominative—used for the subject or words describing the subject • Genitive-used for possession and with some adjectives, verbs and prepositions • Dative-used for the indirect object (to or for someone or something) and with some verbs • Accusative-used mainly for the direct object and with some prepositions. • Ablative-used with some prepositions [a(b), e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], ablative absolutes, and when used alone, the ablative of means.

44. The two secondary cases Secondary cases The vocative-used when addressing someone directly. It uses the nominative forms except in the 2nd declension, where –ius goes to –ī, and –us goes to –e. Exemplum: Marcus Tullius becomes Marce Tulli. The locative-used to tell where something is located or takes place. It is used mainly for towns (Romae, Athenis) and the words domi (at home) and ruri (in the countryside).

45. Cases- Two secondary • The vocative-used when addressing someone directly. It uses the nominative forms except in the 2nd declension, where –ius goes to –ī, and –us goes to –e • Marcus Tullius when adressed is Marce Tullī • The locative-used to tell where something is located or takes place. It is used mainly for towns (Romae, Athenis) and the words domi (at home) and ruri (in the countryside).

46. Case endings • Each word that uses case endings can show 10 different endings depending on its job in the sentence. The are two endings for each case, one for the singular and one for the plural. The actual ending for each word will depend on the declension in which it is found.

47. Case endings (1st page) • The case of a word is shown in its ending. • In the word puellam, the ending –am shows that it is in the accusative case (and it is singular) • In the word puellis, the ending -is shows that it is in either the dative or ablative case and that is it plural. • Case endings (2nd page)

48. Nominative case • Nominative is used for the subject or words describing the subject. It is marked up S. The nominatives in the following sentences are underlined. • Invenit puellam vacca. • Taurus per urbem currebat • Villam dux reliquerat. The endings for the nominative case can be found in the declensions pages

49. Accusative case Accusative is used mainly for the direct object and with some prepositions (ad, trans, in, contra, circum, per). The accusatives in the following sentences are underlined. Puella sportulas per villam ferebat. The girl was carrying the baskets though the villa. Hospitem ad arbores uxor miserat. The wife had sent the guest toward the trees Scelestus pecuniam in murōs sepelīvit. The crook buried the money in the walls. The endings for the accusative case can be found in the declensions pages

50. Ablative Case • Ablative is used with some prepositions [a(b), e(x), de, pro, sine, in, sub], ablative absolutes, and the ablative of means. The ablatives in the following sentences are underlined. Puer ex arbore cecidit. The boy fell from the tree. Gladio clamoribusque magister milites terrebat. The teacher with a sword and shouts was terrifying the soldiers. Fenestrā apertā, Maximus solem vīdit. When the window had been opened, he huge man saw the sun. The endings for the ablative case can be found in the declensions pages