Green & Sustainable Building Policy: Case Study Analysis for Public Decision Makers

1. Green & Sustainable Building Policy:Case Study Analysis for Public Decision Makers Prepared for: Mithūn Architects +Designers +Planners Prepared by: Scott Andrews Mabel Boateng Shelly Fank Christina Hoefsmit Hillary Smith

2. Address issues of financial feasibility and scalability. Overall cost/benefit analyses (initial cost vs. lifecycle cost) Penalty vs. Incentive enforcement (Stick vs. Carrot) Conclusions about effective enforcement and incentive strategies to better integrate LEED (or other sustainable building standards) Community level sustainable building regulation programs for various community models (different population size, geographic and climate characteristics) http://cityofdavie.com/building-money.gif Objectives include:

3. Architects, designers, and planners educating clients about sustainable building practices Municipalities, agencies and public decision makers to create a Green Building incentive and regulation plan for their community. NGOs to lobby for sustainable communities Photo by Church Mission Society, UK Potential Users:

4. Nomad’s Tent Morocco Photo by Tadd_Debbie

5. Igloo Ice Dwelling Photos by Hari Seldon

6. Thatched Houses Wales, photo by welshlady Thailand, photo by luce_beaulieu

7. Alaskan Sod house Photo by David!!!!!!

8. Mali, Africa Brick Making Photo by Desfilhesjm

9. Adobe Pueblo Photo by Phil Roman

10. Cave Dwelling • Cappadocia, Turkey Cappadocia, Turkey, photo by Jeff_Werner Anasazi Palace, Colorado, photo by Trev vG

11. Log Cabin North America Photo by Pandarine

12. SOLAR AND LOW ENERGY ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN “IDEAL HOME SOLAR HOUSE” Milton KeynesDesigned for Interbuild in the late 1970s, showing all novel means of harvesting renewable energies http://www.solarenergyltd.net/Solar%20and%20Low%20Energy%20Architecture%20and%20Design.htm

13. U.S. Energy Consumptionby Sector Currently less than 1% of new buildings uses sustainable building technologies. U.S. Energy Information Administration Metropolis Magazine, October 2003 www.architecture2030.org Michael McDonough AutoDesk Sustainable by Design Forum

14. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2005/05/us_mayors_striv.html

15. www.usgbc.org

16. Lifecycle analysis • Average payback time of a green building 12-24 months • Average payback over building lifetime (vs. standard “to code” building methods) 20% • Average cost premium for building green (vs. standard methods) 1-2%

17. Energy Use Trends in the Built Environment • U.S. buildings consume 48% of all energy used. • 76% of this energy is created from polluting coal fuel. • IPCC reports that by 2035 75% of the U.S. built environment will be new or renovated

19. Economic Benefits • Reduced operational costs • Reduced electricity costs (decrease in mechanical systems like heating and air conditioning in favor of passive or renewable resources like solar or geothermal energy) • Reduced water bills (conservation and reuse) • Improved resale value • Increased worker productivity • Less maintenance • Greater durability, longer life cycle Photo by Ceoln

20. Social Benefits • Decreased use of natural resources (e.g. trees) • Increased sense of pride • Increased safety • Increased comfort • Improve the look of a city Photo by Richat

21. Health Benefits • Increased indoor air quality • No solvent adhesives used • Increased ventilation • Decrease in products containing formaldehyde • Natural light (studies state that natural light makes people happier) Photo by the jof

22. Use less natural resources Using recycled materials Density encouraged Avoid building on untouched lands Reduce CO2 emissions Energy reduction Clean, alternative energy Concentrate on local sources for material Reduce water use Decrease storm water run off Decrease processing costs Encourage Green Roofs so cleaned on site Encourage cleanup of brownfields Use less Hazardous Waste Use low toxic materials Using less volatile carbons Using no ozone depleting CFC-based refrigerants Environmental Benefits

23. Selected NationalExamples of Environmental Building Rating Systems Up to the mid 1990s there were more than 20 U.S. rating systems • Home Energy Rating Systems (HERS) US EPA DOE initiated 1992 with several state cooperatives, new and existing home rating system used to qualify for Energy Efficient Mortgages. Star based rating system can be tailored to fit local needs. Participating states include: Alaska, California, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, Nevada and Vermont • Energy Star U.S. EPA and DOE initiated in 1993,a voluntary product efficiency rating system for products including appliances and homes. • Model Energy Code (MEC)Council of American Building Officials‘ 1995 • Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)National Research Defense Council andU.S. Green Building Council initiated green building rating system that was designed to guide and distinguish high-performance commercial and institutional projects, with an initial focus on office buildings. 1994-1998 (ongoing refinement) • Living Building ChallengeU.S. Green Building Challenge December 2006 • 2030 Challenge/ 2010 ImperativeEd Mazria February 2007, Carbon Neutral building Plan for the year 2030

24. Selected InternationalExamples of Environmental Building Rating Systems • UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme Launched in the early 1970s, it notably targets the ecological, social and economic dimensions of biodiversity loss and the reduction of this loss. • International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) issued by the U.S. DOE in 1998, frequently updated. Formerly Council for American Building Code Officials Model Energy Code. • EPD Directive January 2003 Directive of the European Congress on the Energy Performance of Buildings • Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) U.S. National Research Defense Council and U.S. Green Building Council initiated green building rating system that was designed to guide and distinguish high-performance commercial and institutional projects, with an initial focus on office buildings. 1994-1998 (ongoing refinement) Adapted for use in 28 countries including Canada, Mexico, and India. • BREEAM British Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method 1988, first established international environmental building assessment tools Adapted to national performance rating systems for many other countries including Australia, Canada, India, Korea, and Hong Kong. • Green Globes BREEAM based rating system used in the U.K., U.S., and Canada • International Organization for StandardizationISO 14001 an internationally accepted specification for an environmental management system (EMS) including building site and operations. Other Nationally Based Systems… • France HQE Haute Qualité Environnementale High Quality Environmental standard 1992 • Korea Korean Green Building Standard • Singapore Green Mark • Japan CASBEE • Taiwan Ecology, Environment, Waste Reductions and Health • Switzerland MINERGIE Standard • Finland SIMBAD • Netherlands National Packages Sustainable Building Netherlands • Germany Niedrigenergiehaus and Passivhaus • Denmark EDIP • Sweden EcoEffect

25. Selected Examples of Environmental Building Product Rating Systems & Tools • Energy Star U.S. EPA and DOE initiated in 1993,a voluntary product efficiency rating system for products including appliances and homes. • BEES tool by NIST (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability) software developed by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) and building and Fire research Laboratory as an environmental decision making tool. Uses consensus standards to weight and compare building products. Updated 2007. • Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards (WELS) Australia. The WELS Scheme labels products for water efficiency. • Energy Source Home Labels Energy performance of the home is rated and certified. Developed by Iris Communications, Inc. in 1989 for utilities, rating organizations and government agencies. • EnergyGuide all home appliances, including water heaters, dishwashers and clothes washers, display a prominent yellow-and-black label developed by the Federal Trade Commission, which provides estimated energy consumption range for similar modelsand estimated yearly operating cost based on national average. • ASHRAE/ IESNA 90.1American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers standards for both its members and others professionally concerned with refrigeration processes and the design and maintenance of indoor environments. Updated 2004. • GAMA/ I=B=R Gas Appliance manufacturers Association certification program for the independent testing, rating, and verification of U.S. energy performance metrics for residential and commercial space and water heating equipment. • ARI Performance Certified™ Air Conditioning and refrigeration institute seal, ARI verifies manufacturers' performance ratings meet ARI Standards through continuous and extensive laboratory testing. For manufacturers who voluntarily participate in the certification program • Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Lumber and wood product certification of responsible harvesting practices Third party audit verified. • Pharos U.S. Green Building Council 2007, holistic product rating system with voluntary participation and moderated wiki system of update

26. Sample Matrix for Assessing Sustainable Building Decisions: BEES www.concreteconstructiononline.com

27. LEED Certification in the U.S. • LEED project registrations have increased 50% in 2006 • LEED certified projects increased nearly 70% in 2006 Jerry Yudelson, Yudelson & Associates cascadiabc.org

28. LEED versions http://www.rexelarchive.com/drupal-4.4.2/node/view/201

29. Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy and Atmosphere Materials and Resources Indoor Environmental Quality Innovation and Design http://www.energydesignresources.com/index.php LEED Certification

30. Of the first 148 projects certified, the credits in Water Efficiency and Innovation & Design are most often earned http://www.rexelarchive.com/drupal-4.4.2/node/view/201

31. Recyclables Building Reuse Construction Waste Management Materials Reuse Recycled Content Regional Materials Rapidly Renewable Materials Certified Wood www.timberandmore.com Materials and Resources

32. Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Site Selection Density & Community Connectivity Brownfield Redevelopment Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Accessibility and Resources Protect or Restore Habitat Maximize Open Space Stormwater Management (quantity and quality) Heat Island Effect Management re: roof style Light Pollution Reduction Fukuoka, Japan 1994 and Millennium Park Chicago, U.S. 2004, http://www.greenroofs.com/index.html Sustainable Sites

33. Water Efficient Landscaping: Reduce or eliminate potable water irrigation Innovative Wastewater Technologies Water Use Reduction Rainwater Harvesting System by http://www.hydro-international.biz and Living Machine Las Vegas, NV photo by Kor Bras Water Efficiency

34. Proper Commissioning of the building Energy Systems Minimum Energy Performance Eliminate CFC refrigerants in HVAC system Optimize Energy Performance On-Site Renewable Energy Measurement and Verification Green Power Ted Owens Energy Independent Home New Mexico, U.S. http://www.treehugger.com/ Proposed Freedom Tower, NYC design http://www.academics.triton.edu Energy and Atmosphere

35. Minimum Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Ventilation Performance Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control IAQ management during construction through occupancy Low-Emitting Materials and Indoor Chemical Pollutant controls Lighting control Thermal comfort design, control, and verification Daylight and Views Photo by dieselbug2007 Indoor Environmental Quality

36. Certified formerly “Bronze” Silver Gold Platinum LEED Certification Levels

37. Certification of First 148 LEED projects http://www.rexelarchive.com/drupal-4.4.2/node/view/201

38. Cost Premium by LEED Level Average cost premium for building green (vs. standard methods) 1-2%

39. LEED Certified General Services Administration Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse Cleveland, Ohio Remodel completed June 2005 • LEED NC Certified v2.0 • Improved Energy performance 15% • Demand ventilation with CO2 monitoring • 32% water use reduction • Maintained 95% of existing shell and 59% of interior elements • Brownfield redevelopment through the abatement of hazardous materials www.ca6.uscourts.gov/ www.eere.energy.gov/ http://archrecord.construction.com Van Dijk Westlake Reed Leskosky

40. Seattle Biomedical Research Institute Building LEED Silver 2004 Photos courtesy Vulcan Inc. The 112,000-square-foot SBRI Building in South Lake Union is Seattle’s first LEED-certified speculative building http://www.djc.com/news/en/11170260.html Sustainability measures: Water system reduces potable water use by 23% over industry standards, saving more than 186,000 gallons of water/ year HVAC system recovers lost heat and cool air, which reduces energy use by 30% over industry standards. Constructed with recycled and salvaged materials, including doors and door frames. More than 85 percent of construction waste was recycled. Large windows with light-filtering roller shades that control daylight and electric lights are minimized by motion sensors and timers Native and drought-tolerant plant landscaping with no permanent irrigation required First silver-level LEED-certified core-and-shell lab building. Sustainable building acts as a recruitment tool to attract a creative class of employee that shares the organization core values BioQuest Science Gallery is a community forum featuring artistic exhibits about global health projects LEED Silver

41. LEED GoldSolaire Apartments, 2003 • Reduces potable water use by 50% Recycling wastewater for its cooling tower, low flow toilets and irrigation • Reduce energy grid demand by 35% with auto dimming fluorescent lights, daylighting, and west-facing photovoltaic panels supplying 5% of the building's energy. • 93% of the construction waste for the project was recycled • 60%of the building materials were made from recycled content. • Access to public transportation, on-demand hybrid rental cars, bicycle parking and electric vehicle charging. • Green roof of native plants over 75 percent of the roof, helps lower heating and cooling loads. http://www.nrdc.org/buildinggreen/casestudies/default.asp

42. LEED Platinum Chicago Center for Green Building: Originally built in 1952, it was designated a brownfield in 1995 due to illegal dumping activities of the previous owners. Designated a clean site in 1999, design began of the building resulting in the first municipal building as well as the first renovation in the county to be awarded the highest certification level for green building; LEED Platinum.

43. Seattle Examples • City capital improvement projects over 5,000 square feet fall under the City's Green Building Policy, which sets Silver LEED certification as the goal. • 13 projects have completed the process. 5 are under construction and 20 more are in planning and design. http://www.cityofseattle.net/dpd/GreenBuilding/CapitalProjects Seattle Central Library by Pat Leahy Seattle City Hall by clappstar

44. Regulation Strategies

45. Denver Regulation Based ExampleDenver Justice Center • Examples of Green Building Techniques Used: • environmentally-friendly refrigerants • minimizing the use of non-renewable resources and waste production • incorporating natural day lighting; and • landscaping with drought-tolerant native plants.

46. Scottsdale Regulation Based ExampleArizona State University Scottsdale Center • Water features • Bike paths • Multi-modal transit center on-site • Maximum access to views and daylight • Highly flexible column free floor plans • Extensive perimeter and interior landscaping • Major 1-acre public gathering place with a range of additional public and semi-private pen spaces

47. Austin Regulation Based Example • Austin pioneered U.S. green building regulation during the late 1980s and early 1990s, and developed the Austin Green Building Program rating system. • Municipal facilities are required to use green technologies since 1993, and achieve LEED silver since 2000. • Austin has the largest U.S. green power grid leading in municipal wind power and biodiesel production • Thought leaders with cooperative relationships: The Clean Energy Incubator is a confederation of business, academic, and state government leaders devoted to helping clean-energy companies bring technologies to market. City of Austin's Sustainable Communities Initiative (SCI) exists to help the greater Austin region achieve economic prosperity, social justice, and ecological health - the highest possible quality of life in the best possible environment. • All city facilities, fleets and operations will be carbon-neutral by 2020, and 100 percent of city facilities will be powered by renewable energy by 2012 with CO2 caps and reduction plans for all utility emissions to comply with the Austin Climate Protection Plan. • The city is developing residential and commercial building codes requiring all new single-family homes zero net-energy capable by 2015, and increasing energy efficiency by 75 percent in all other new construction. IBM Tivoli office building earned a 4-Star rating from the Green Building Program and a Certified LEED rating. Features include a daylight stairwell and water retention ponds. http://www.austinenergy.com/Energy%20Efficiency/Programs/Green%20Building/Resources/Case%20Studies/comm_ibmTivoli.htm

48. Incentive Based Strategies

49. Denver Incentive Based Example • SUCCESSES • Over 30,000 houses have implemented green building techniques • 41% of Denver new home buyers are aware of Built Green • 139 builders participate in the program • 50 sponsors support the program http://www.builtgreen.org/

50. Scottsdale Incentive Based Example • SUCCESSES • In 2005, 33% of all single-family residential permits adhered to the city’s green building policies showing a 21% increase permits from the previous year. • Since 1998, Scottsdale has issued more than 900 green building permits • A survey conducted by the National Association of Home Builders found that half of consumers that were expecting to buy wanted to incorporated green features into their home