Chapter 5: An Emerging World Power

1. Chapter 5: An Emerging World Power

2. The Causes of Imperialism Imperialism – the policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories

3. Benefits of Imperialism • The desire for raw materials • Tea, rubber, iron, petroleum, and other materials for their industries at home • Extractive economies – imperial countries extract or removed raw materials from the colony and shipped to home country

4. U.S. Needs • U.S. had fewer concerns for shortages of raw materials • We had a surplus of goods that Americans couldn’t consume • Farmers complained that excess production resulted in declining crop prices and profits • Expansion could help the country divert the closing of factories and unemployment

5. Military Need and National Superiority • Alfred T. Mahan transformed the U.S. into a naval power • Called for modern ships and foreign bases so ships could refuel and gather fresh supplies • U.S. built new steel-plated, steam powered battleships (USS Maine) • By 1900, U.S. had 3rd largest Navy in the world • Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest • Certain races were superior to others • American’s embraced Manifest Destiny

6. U.S. Acquisitions in the Pacific

7. U.S. Power Grows in the Pacific • Commodore Matthew Perry took a fleet of warships to Japan • Japanese thought the steam ships were giant dragons puffing smoke • Perry signs a treaty opening trade with Japan • 1867 U.S. took possession of Midway Islands • Treaties in 1875/1887 increased trade with Hawaii and set up a military base at Pearl Harbor

8. Seward Purchases Alaska • William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million • Seward’s purchase doubled the size of the United States • Alaska was rich in timber, oil, and other natural resources • Alaska expanded America’s reach across the Pacific • Key milestone on America’s road to power

9. U.S. Influence in Latin America • U.S. businessmen saw L.A. as a natural place to expand trade and investments • Pan-American Conference paved the way for the Pan-American Highway which linked U.S. to Central America and South America • Tension grew between Great Britain and U.S. over border dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela. • Monroe Doctrine-Europeans stay out of American republics and U.S. stay out of European affairs.

10. U.S. Acquires Hawaii • Since 1790’s Americans stopped at Hawaii on their way to East Asia • American established sugar cane plantations • Convinced King Kalakaua to change constitution-only wealthy landowners could vote (white planters) • Queen Liliuokalani tried to prevent white man take over but was overthrown (U.S. Marines help) • U.S. annexes Hawaii and it becomes an official U.S. territory in 1898.

11. The Spanish-American War • Chapter 5 Section 2

12. Causes of War • Spain was an imperial nation in decline • Down to Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines • Cuban Rebels Against Spanish Rule • American entrepreneurs invested $50million in sugar cane plantations in Cuba • Jose Marti launched a war for independence from Spain…Cuba Libre (Free Cuba) • Used guerrilla tactics • Spanish General Weyler deprived rebels of food and recruits….sent people to reconcentration camps where many died of disease and starvation • Americans began to sympathize with the Cubans

13. The Yellow Press Inflames Opinion • Rival newspaper owners Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst heightened the publics dislike of the Spanish • Yellow Press featured The Yellow Kid in a popular comic strip • The newspapers used sensational headlines and pictures on the front page • Exaggerated stories of Spanish atrocities and compared Cubans to patriots from the American Revolutionary War • William McKinley warned the Spanish to establish peace quickly or the U.S. will intervene • McKinley ordered the USS Maine to Havana Harbor to protect U.S. citizens • A letter written by the Spanish Ambassador said that McKinley was weak and stupid –leaked to Hearst's newspaper • The letter fueled jingoism or aggressive nationalism, and inflamed relations with Spain

14. The Maine Blows Up and War • Soon after the Journal published the letter about McKinley, the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor • Out of the 350 officers and crew on board 266 died • McKinley orders a special naval board to investigate the cause of the explosion • March 28, 1898 the board concluded a mine had destroyed the battleship and many blamed Spain • War gripped the U.S. with “Remember the Maine” speeches • McKinley asks Congress to use force against the Spanish • Teller Amendment stipulated that the U.S. had no intention of annexing Cuba

15. Dewey Takes the Philippines • Commodore George Dewey took his squadron to Manila Bay, in the Spanish Philippines • Dewey destroyed the Spanish stationed in the bay • 400 Spanish sailors died • Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo were defeating the Spanish army • Filipinos were fighting for freedom from Spain • 15,000 troops landed in the Philippines • Spanish surrendered to the U.S.

16. U.S. Forces Win Cuba • June 1898 U.S. Marines captured Guantanamo Bay and 17,000 soldiers stormed ashore east of Santiago • Troops were poorly trained and supplied • Given obsolete weapons and wool uniforms • Rotting and contaminated food • Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders • A group of upper-class easterners who relished what Roosevelt called the “strenuous life” • Famed for storming Kettle and San Juan Hill with African American cavalries • U.S. captured Puerto Rico • 3000 Americans died but only 380 in combat • Malaria and yellow fever caused most deaths

17. Treaty of Paris • December 1898 the Treaty of Paris was signed that officially ended the war • Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million • Teller Amendment prevented taking possession of Cuba • Americans debate imperialism • McKinley said that “we have no choice but to take all of them and educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize them” • The Philippines were a important stepping stone to trade with China • Anti-Imperialist League argued that imperialism is a crime Members included Mark Twain and William Jennings Bryan

18. The United States & East Asia • Chapter 5 Section 3

19. Filipinos Rebel Against U.S. Rule • Emilio Aguinaldo had thought the U.S. was an ally for Filipino independence • After the U.S. decided to retain possession of the Philippines, Aguinaldo organized an insurrection, or rebellion against the U.S. • Guerrilla War Erupts in the Philippines • Guerrilla warfare is a form of non-traditional warfare generally involving small bands of fighters to attack behind American lines • General Jacob Smith orders-kill and burn, the more the better. (P.152 Quote) • In the Spring of 1901, the U.S. captures Aguinaldo

20. Reforms Lead to Promise of Self-Rule • William Howard Taft becomes governor of the Philippines • Censored the press and place dissidents in jail to win over the Filipino people • Ordered the construction of roads, schools, and bridges • Jones Act -pledged to the Filipino people that they would ultimately gain their independence • The Philippines would eventually gain their independence after U.S. troops liberate them from the Japanese in WWII

21. United States Pursues Interests in China • Since China had fallen into disarray in 1899, the British, French, German, and Russians carved China into distinct spheres of influence • Within each zone, each power had privileged access to Chinese ports and markets • Japan grabbed territory in China and Korea too • U.S. didn’t have a zone and felt that it would limit American trade with China • John Hays, Secretary of State wrote letters to the foreign leaders expecting “perfect equality of treatment for commerce” • Letters had little impact but set Asian foreign policy

22. The Boxer Rebellion and Open Door Policy • Chinese joined secret societies in response to foreigners in their country • The Righteous of Harmonious Fists won the nickname “Boxers” from Europeans because they were trained in martial arts • They condemned western ways and Christianity • May of 1900 the Boxers besieged the foreign diplomats in Beijing • U.S., European, and Japan forces squashed the rebellion • European powers made the gov’t pay for damages • Hays reasserted his open door policy • The U.S. didn’t want a colony in China, they just wanted free trade

23. Tensions Rise Between America and Japan • Japanese resented the sphere of influence and took offense to Russian troops in Manchuria • Without a declaration of war, the Japanese attacked the Russian fleet at Port Arthur, China • Followed this up by attacking troops in Manchuria killing 100,000 Russians • Roosevelt settles the Russo-Japanese War • 1905 representatives from both Russia and Japan meet with Roosevelt in New Hampshire • Roosevelt convinced the two sides to sign a treaty and he won a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts

24. Anti-Asian Prejudice Troubles Relations • A root cause of this trouble was anti-Asian sentiment on the west coast • The San Francisco School Board banned Japanese, Chinese, and Korean children from attending public schools • The incident immediately drew Japan’s wrath • Newspapers in Tokyo said “Our countrymen have been HUMILIATED!” • Roosevelt opposed the segregation • Signed a gentlemen’s agreement that the school board pledged to end segregation, and Japan would limit its citizens from immigrating to the U.S.

25. The Great White Fleet Sets Sail • Roosevelt promotes military preparedness to protect the U.S. • With concerns of Japanese expansion, Roosevelt won congressional support for a new force of navy ships known as the Great White Fleet • 16 white battleships were sent by Roosevelt around the world on a “good will cruise” • This demonstrated America’s increased military power in the world

26. The U.S. and Latin America • Chapter 5 Section 4

27. U.S. Policy in Puerto Rico and Cuba • After Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico was under direct U.S. military control • 1900 pass the Foraker Act-creates civil govn’t in P.Rico 1. P. Ricans didn’t enjoy same rights as U.S. citizens 2. P. Ricans could be taxed • 1917 Jones-Shafroth Act –gave P. Ricans more rights and greater control over their own legislature Cuba • Platt Amendment added to Cuba’s constitution 1. Cuba could not sign treaties with any other country without U.S. approval. 2. Cuba had to lease naval stations to the U.S. 3. U.S. had right to intervene to preserve order in Cuba 4. Made Cuba a protectorate of the U.S. for years to come

28. Roosevelt Pursues “Big Stick” Diplomacy • “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” • Depended on a strong military to achieve U.S. goals • Job of the U.S. to “civilize” weaker nations America Builds the Panama Canal • French try to connect Atlantic to Pacific but fail • U.S. buys Panama route for $40 million from French • Requires permission from Columbian government but they want more than we are willing to give. 1. Roosevelt sends warships off coast of Panama to support rebellion against Columbia. 2. Panama gets independence from Columbia, gives U.S. ok to build canal. 3. U.S. pays Panama $10 million + $250,000 annual rent • 5000 workers die building canal, cut 8000 miles off trip

29. Roosevelt Updates the Monroe Doctrine • To keep Europeans out of Latin America the U.S. would have to keep order • Pres. Roosevelt Corollary-in the case of “chronic wrongdoing” by a L.A. country the U.S. would assume the role of police power depriving other creditors from intervening. • Peru and Nicaragua resented the new policy-threatened their “sovereignty and liberty” Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy • Substitute “dollars for bullets” (less of a big stick) • Invest more in Caribbean and Central American mines, oil,etc

30. Wilson Pursues Moral Diplomacy U.S. supports Honest Government in L.A. • No longer seek territory by conquest • Instead would promote human rights, national integrity and opportunity • Does send troops to Haiti to protect our interests 1. Prodded Haiti to give U.S. control of its financial and foreign affairs. (marines stay until 1934) Revolution Grips Mexico • Dictator Porfirio Diaz and American investors grew wealthy while Mexico’s farmers struggle in poverty • Francisco Madero leads revolution that topples Diaz 1. Weak leader and is executed by General Victoriano Huerta 2. Wilson won’t recognize Huerta, favors Venustiano Carranza, another reformer.

31. Wilson Sends U.S. Troops Into Mexico • 1914 Mexicans arrest U.S. sailors • Wilson sends marines to occupy port of Veracruz • Huerta’s gov. collapses Carranza assumes presidency • Carranza slow with reforms- rebels rise up led by Francisco “Pancho” Villa • 1916 Villa’s forces raid town in New Mexico killing 18 Americans • Wilson sends General John Pershing and 10,000 troops to Mexico • Chase Villa for months but can’t capture him • Wilson recalls troops in 1917 over concerns of WWI raging in Europe