Identification and damage to store grain by coleopteran pests and its management

1. Identification and damage to store grain by coleopteran pests and its management

2. Submitted by:Name : LimbachiyaMilind Reg. No. : 3010716024Sub.: Cr.Prot.8.2 : Management of Post harvest Insects & Diseases • Submitted to : • Dr. J.J. Patel Sir

3. Stored grain pests are categorized in two main types 1.Primary storage pests : Insects that damage sound grains. They are further differentiated in two types: a) Internal feeders : Insects which feeds inside the grain b) External feeders : Insects which feed outside the grain 2. Secondary storage pests : Insects that cause damage to already damaged or broken grains

4. Primary pests

5. Secondary pests

6. Cigaratte beetle ( Lasiodermaseriicorne) • Host : Tobacco(leaves and cigaretts), wheat flour, cereal bran, peanuts, cocoa beans, cottonseed, spices, meat, fishmeal, ginger, turmeric, chillies • Identification: • 1.Eggs: Ovoid, creamish white & elliptical • 2.Grub: White, fleshy and hairy grub • 3.Adults: Small, robust, oval, light brown round beetle with its thorax and head bent downward and elytra bearings minute hairs on them • Damage: • Both grubs & adults cause damage , making holes through the food grains • Grubs make circular, pinched sized bore holes on processed tobacco

7. Khapra beetle ( Trogodermagranarium) • Host: sorghum, barley, maize, rice, gram, pulses, walnut and other dried fruits • Identification: • 1.Eggs: Translucent white, cylindrical • 2.Larva: Grub is straw coloured with dark brown hairy and typical posterior tufit forming a tail of long hairs • 3.Pupa: Pupation takes places on the surface of the grain in bulk and overlapping edges of bags • 4.Adults: Reddish brown, convex, oval in shape with pratically no distinct divison of head, thorax, abdomen • Damage: • Only grubs cause the damage • Grubs eat the grain near the embryo or at any other weak point and from there proceed inwards • It reduced the grain into frass and remains confined to peripheral layers of bags in bulk storages

8. Lesser grain borer (Rhizoperthadominica) • Host: wheat, rice, barley, maize, sorghum, groundnut, dry fruits etc. • Identification: • 1.Eggs: laid on surface of the grain in clusters or singaly • 2.Larva: dirty white with a light brown head and a constricted elongated body • 3.Pupa: 3rdinstar enters the grain of pupation • 4.Adult: Brown to blackish beetle, head is deflexed downward and antenna clubbed with large loose three segments • Damage: • Grubs and adults cause damage by feeding inside the grains and reducing them to mere shells with many irregular holes • Adults produce a considerable amount of frass, spoiling more than what they eat • Infestation can be identified by a sweetish, musty odour in the storage produced by male

9. Pulse beetle ( Callosobruchusmaculatus) • Host: all whole pulses, beans and grams, cotton seed, maize • Identification: • 1.Egg: translucent, orange cream in colour, changing to greyish white with age • 2.Grub: fleshy, curved, creamy white in colour with black mouth parts • 3.Pupa: Pupations takes place in a pupal cell prepared beneath the seed coat • 4.Adult: small, short, brownish grey beetle and with long conspicuous serrate antenna and a characteristics elevated ivory like spots near the middle of the dorsal side • Damage: • Grubs eat up the grain kernel and make a cavity • Adults come out making exit holes • Infested grains are often converted by the traders into flour which has a characteristic off flavour

10. Rice weevil (Sitophilusoryzae) • Host: Rice, wheat, maize, pulses, sorghum, barley and other stored products • Identification: • 1.Eggs: Translucentwhite • 2.Larva: plump, fleshy,legless having a white body and a yellowish black head • 3.Pupa: whitish, pupates inside the grain • 4.Adults: tiny, reddish brown, with a snout of about one-third of the body length and elytra bears four prominent yellow brown or light reddish brown patches • Damage: • Both adults and grubs cause damage • Grubs feed internally and changes the inner contents to mere mass • Adults bore out a hole in the grain for emergence and feeds externally there after

11. Groundnut beetle (Caryedonserratus) • Host: Groundnut and trmarind • Identification: • 1.Eggs: laid singaly on the pods aswell as seeds of its host • 2.Larva: white but turn to pink just before pupation • 3.Pupa: pupation takes place in a pupalcellprepared beneath the sead coat • 4.Adults: Reddish brown to reddish yellow in colour with small black markings on the elytra and very broad hind femur • Damage: • Grubs cause damage • Circular hole on fruits and seeds of tamarind both on tree and storage • The percent loss in protein content varies from 0.20-8.76% and loss in oil content varies from 1.98-6.54%

12. Red rust flour beetle (Triboliumcastenium) • Host: Wheat flour, dry fruits, pulses, prepared cereal foods • Identification: • 1.Eggs: white, translucent, sticky, slender and cylindrical • 2.Grub: worm like, whitish cream colour, faint strips, two spines like appendages at the end segment • 3.Pupa: pupa remains loosely lying in the grain and is naked • 4.Adults: oblong, flat, brown in colour, anteneae have a clear 3- segmented club • Damage: • It is primary pest of flour and other milled products and secondary pest of stored grains • They constructs tunnels as they move through flour and other food products • In grains embryo or germ proportion is preferred

13. Long headed flour beetle (Latheticusoryzae) • Host: cereals flours,packeged foods, rice and rice products,green gram, grains with excessive dust and broken grains with high moisture • Identification: • 1.Eggs: white, smooth, cylindrical • 2.Grub: small,whitishwith slightly sclerotizedhead capsule • 3.Pupa: pupa is naked • 4.Adults: Light brown with elongated body, resembles Tribolium spp. Antennae 11 segment with 5 clubbedapical segments • Damage • Both grub and adults feed • They are generally found in associated with Tribolium spp. Etc. • When present in excess numbers, they may induce heating

14. Saw toothed grain beetle ( Oryzaephilussurinamensis) • Host: rice, wheat, maize, cereal products, oil seeds , cocoa, dry fruits etc. • Identification: • 1.Egg: whitish in colour • 2.Grub: Grub is slender, pale cream with two slightly darker patches on each segment • 3.Pupa: in protective cocoon like covering with sticky secreation • 4.Adults: narrow , flattened, thorax having six saw toothed like serrations on each side and clubbed antennae • Damage: • Adults and grubs cause roughening of grain surface and off odour in grain • Grains with higher percentage of broken, dockage and foreign matter sustain heavy infestation , which leads to heating of grains

15. Management • Stored grains protection can be divided into two broad areas based on the type of intervention followed.  • Preventive measures andCurative measures • I. Preventive measures Sanitation and handling of grains • Remove dirt, debris, mud balls, foreign particles, insects and infested grains from healthy grains that will reduce insect infestation. • Proper handling of grains and avoiding hooks on storage bags help minimize exposure to insects • Bags should be stacked on wooden dunnage 0.5 metre away from the wall • Bags should be stacked in rows having space of nearly 2 to 3 metre in-between height of a row should not be more than 15 bags leaving about 1/5thspace of total storage from the roof. • Likewise bulk storage structures should also be kept away from the ventilators or doors • Drying of grains Grains are harvested at a moisture content ranging from 20-28%

16. Moisture content should be brought to 12-13 percent • Sun drying and use of mechanical dryers can be opted to bring down moisture. • Improper drying of paddy grains during post harvest operations not only enhances the insect infestation but also enhances breakage during milling. • Staggered sun drying with short exposure to sun spread over large number of days (9-11 am for 8 days) reduces insect infestation. • Use of improved storage structures Gunny bags or jute bags with close weaves can reduce insect infestation. • Impregnation of gunny bags with insecticides can prevent entry of insects (Prakashet al., 1981). • Polythene lined gunny bags were suggested by Muthu and Pingale, 1955). • Polyester- polythene 400 gauge lined canvas was found to be resistant to all types if insect attack. • Improved storage structures namely aluminum bin, Pusa bin, Pusa cubicle PAU bin, IGSI domestic bin • TNAU insect removal bins have been found very effective for bulk storage and reducing insect damage.

17. Dis-infestation of stores/receptacles • Treatment of bulk and bag storage structures with insecticides is an important practice to avoid latent infestation in reused bags and bulk storage structure. • The insecticides commonly recommended are malathion and dichlorvos. • Legal method In India, the Destructive insects and Pests Act started in 1914. • Plant Quarantine Order 2003, govern the regulation or restriction of movement of insects through commodities into the country and among different areas within the country. • Grains or other commodities are thoroughly checked and treated at ports to avoid entry of insects. • II. Curative measures Physical control measures1. Use of low and high Temperatures The insects can be controlled either by increasing or decreasing storage temperature. • Optimal temperature for most of the storage insects is between 25 and 33o C. • Temperatures between 13 and 25o C will slow development. • High temperatures of 35o C and above will stop development. • Refrigerated aeration of grains stored in bins gave results on par with insecticide treatment in Australia • USA and Israel in controlling storage pests (Navarro and Calderon, 1982). • High temperature disinfestations using heated air grain driers, fluidized beds, spouted beds, pneumatic conveyors, a counter flow heat exchanger, high frequency waves microwaves, infra red waves and solar radiations have been satisfactorily used for in disinfesting grains

18. 2. Mixing of inert dust • Inert dusts used in stored-product protection can be categorized into 4 groups. • The 1st group consists of clays, sand, paddy husk ash, volcanic ash and wood ash. • The 2nd group consists of a great number of minerals such as dolomite, magnesit copper oxy-chloride, rock phosphate, ground sulfur, lime limestone and common salt. • These minerals have been used at rates greater than 10 grams per kilogram of grain • The 3rd group consists of dusts that contain synthetic silica (silicon dioxide). • These materials are light and hygroscopic, and are produced by drying an aqueous solution of sodium silicate. • The 4th group consists of dusts that contain natural silica, such as diatomaceous earth (DE), which are made up fossilized skeletons of diatoms. • Many DE dusts are now commercially available and used in many developing countries for managing stored-product insects and mites, or to improve fumigation efficiency • 3. Activated clay • Activated clay (kaolin) has been used in protecting grains from the attack of storage insects. • This method is very effective against most of the storage pests and nontoxic to higher animals. • The kaolinate clay after successive processes of activation with acid and heat can be used as physical poison. • The raw clay (kaolinate clay) having 45% silicondioxide and 38% alumina can be obtained from the Neyveli Lignite Corporation, Neyveli, Tamil Nadu

19. 4. Irradiation • Low dose irradiation completely kills or sterilizes the common grain pests, and even the eggs deposited inside the grains. • Only a single radiation exposure of grains is sufficient for disinfestations. • Ideally suited for large-scale operations, thereby offering substantial economic benefits. • Effective process for disinfestations of certain pre-packed cereal products. • Low dose applications (Less Than 1kGy) has been found useful for Insect disinfestationin stored grain, pulses and products (Tilton et al. 1974) • 5. Use of controlled atmosphere • The normal storage atmosphere (or earth’s atmosphere) contains 78% Nitrogen (N2), 21% Oxygen (O2) and 0.03% carbon dioxide (CO2). • In grain storage, insects can be controlled by decreasing O2 or increasing CO2 or N2 concentration in the atmosphere thereby interfering with the normal respiration of insects. • This is achieved by modified atmospheric storage, controlled atmospheric storage or airtight storage

20. Mechanical control measures • Several mechanical devices have been developed both for monitoring and mass trapping stored product insects. • Entoleters are used primarily in flour mills. • Kernels infested with primary feeders such as Sitophilus sp. R. dominica break apart and are separated from intact kernels. • Other traps: Probe trap, Pulse Beetle Trap, Light traps, Sticky traps, Bait traps, Pheromone traps and TNAU Automatic Insect Removal Bin. • Use of plant products • Neem leaf powder, Nochi leaf powder, turmeric powder, Sweet Flag (Vasambu) Rhizome powder all at 10g /kg have been found to be effective against storage pests. • Experimental results show that the fresh leaves of Nochi mixed with paddy at the rate of 2% w/w protected the grains from insect attack for 9 months. • Garlic extract is yet another plant product which is nontoxic and was found to be grain protectant. • The water extract (0.02%)of bulbs mixed with the grains at the rate of 2 litres/ 100 kg grains can give good protection to paddy grains against insect attack. • Management of stored product pests in Warehouses • Maintain store house hygiene brushing the cracks, crevices and corners, removing all debris and cleaning the entire godown before storing the grains • Reduce moisture content below 10 % • Dry all the bags, bins etc in the sun

21. Eliminate conditions which favour storage pests sieving and removing all broken grains, stitching all torn bags before filling • Maintain good storage conditions by providing dunnage leaving gangway or alleyway of 0.75 to 1 m all around for aeration inspection prevention of moisture seepage and for fumigation and chemical spraying. Treat the walls, dunnage materials and ceilings of empty godown with Malathion50 EC 10 ml/l or DDVP 76 WSC 7 ml/l at 3 l spray solution per 100 sq m. • Air charge or treat alleyways and gangways with Malathion50 EC 10 ml/l or DDVP 76 WSC 7 m (1 litre of spray fluid /270u.m) • Apply stack spraying over the bags with Malathion50 EC 10 ml/l @ 3litre of spray fluid /100 sq.m • Fumigation • Decide the need for shed fumigation (entire store house or godown) or cover fumigation (only selected blocks of bags). • Check the store house/godown and the black polythene sheets or rubberized aluminium covers for holes and get them ready for fumigation • Choose the fumigant and work out the requirement based on the following guidelines. • Aluminium Phosphide For cover fumigation: 3 tablets of 3 g each per tonne of grain. • For shed fumigation: 21 tablets of 3 g each for 28 cubic metres. • Period of fumigation: 5 days, • In case of cover fumigation Keep ready sand-snakes.

22. Insert the required number of aluminumphosphide tablets in between the bags in different layers. • Cover the bags immediately with fumigation cover • Plaster the edges of cover all round with wet red earth or clay plaster or • Use sand-snakes to make leak proof. • Keep the bags for a period of 5 -7 days under fumigation • Remove the mud plaster after specified fumigation period and • Lift cover in the corner to allow the residual gas to escape. • Allow aeration and lift cover after a few hours. • Follow similar steps in case of shed fumigation also • Prophylactic treatment of grains/seeds: • If the produce is meant for seed purpose, mix 1 kg of activated kaolin or 1 kg of lindane1.3 D or 1 kg of malathion 5 D for every 100 kg of seed and store/pack in gunny or polythene lined bags • If the produce is meant for grain purpose, Mix 1 kg of activated kaolin for every 100 kg of grain and store. • To protect the pulse grains, Mix activated kaolin at the above dosage or any one of the edible oils at 1 kg for every 100 kg of grains or Mix 1 kg of neem seed kernel powder for every 100 kg of cereal or pulse and store.

23. Thank you…….