Relative clauses ppt

1. RELATIVE CLAUSES

2. Types of relative clauses

3. • Defining relative clauses give important information to identify the person or thing we are talking about. • The relative pronoun is the subject. • We don’t use a comma. – Sara is a jordaninan girl who won the grand prize.

4. – Sara is a Jordaninan girl.Sara won the grand prize. There is info about sara and it’s important – Who is Sara? Waht special about her? – Sara won the grand prize. – Sara is a Jordannian girl who won the grand prize.

5. • The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen. • The university (which / that) she likes is famous.

6. The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico. The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York

7. • Non-defining relative clauses give additional information about the person or thing we are talking about. • We use commas. • Dr. Hadad is coming to visit us next week. • Dr.Hadad,who discovered a new medicine ,is coming to visit us next week.

8. •Defining relative clauses

9. RELATIVE CLAUSES • Relative clauses describe and provide information about something or someone that we have usually already specified. • I like working with students who appreciate what I do. • We use relative clauses in order to identify things or people and to distinguish them from other similar things. • Americans aren’t people who live in America, they’re people who were born there.

10. RELATIVE CLAUSES • I like working with students who appreciate what I do. • We use relative clauses in order to identify things or people • Americans aren’t people who live in America, they’re people who were born there.

11. USE • We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another sentence. • By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.

12. RELATIVE CLAUSES 1. Subject and Object Relative clauses give extra information about a noun in the main clause. They can refer to this as subject or object. That’s the woman .The woman bought my car “That’s the woman who bought my car.” That’s the flat,I was looking for it. “That’s the flat that I was looking for.”

13. RELATIVE CLAUSES 2. Combining sentences Note how sentences are combined. Subject : “This is Sofia. She bought my car” “Sofia is the person who bought my car” Object : “That is the flat. I was looking for the flat .” “That is the flat that I was looking for.”

14. How to Form Relative Clauses? Imagine, a girl is talking to Ahmad, You want to know who he is and ask a friend whether she knows her. You could say:

15. A girl is talking to Ahmad. Do you know the girl?

16. That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most important thing – you want to know who the girl is. Do you know the girl …

17. Do you know the girl….?

18. As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the additional information – the girl is talking to Ahmad. Use “the girl” only in the first part of the sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use the relative pronoun “who”).

19. Do you know the girl who is talking to Ahmad?

21. Look at the following sentences and decide which one is defining clause • Sara is a Jordannian girl who won the grand prize. • Sara who won the grand prize is a Jordanian girl. • Sara who is a Jordanian girl won the grand prize.

22. • Sara is a Jordannian girl ,who won the grand prize. Non-defining • Sara who won the grand prize is a Jordanian girl. Defining • Sara who is a Jordanian girl won the grand prize. Defining • Sara is a Jordannian girl who won the grand prize X

23. Where do they come in sentences? • They usually come immediately after what they qualify – People who know different foreign languages make better language teachers. • When the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause the word order is subject+verb+ object – He lost the fruits which he had collected.

24. •

25. DEFINING CLAUSES • The relative pronoun can be omitted (ø) when it is the object of the clause: • The skirt that I bought was very beautiful. OR • The skirt I bought was very beautiful

26. RELATIVE PRONOUNS IN DEFINING CLAUSES subject people who / that object whom / that /ø things which / that which / that / ø

27. WHO • subject or object pronoun for people 1. Subject: I told you about the woman who lives next door. 1. Object: (Pronoun Omission) Mary is the girl (who/whom) we met at the party.

28. WHICH • subject or object pronoun for animals and things 1-Subject: Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? 2-Object: (Pronoun Omission) : Have you seen the book (which ) I put on this table?

29. THAT • subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible) 1-Subject: I don’t like the table that /which stands in the kitchen. 2-Object: (Pronoun Omission):This is the sweater (that/ which) I bought on Saturday.

30. WHOSE • possession for people animals and things. WHOSE cannot be omitted. Do you know the girl whose mother is a nurse? She is the girl whose father is a surgeon.

31. WHOM • object pronoun for people BUT in defining relative clauses we prefer who) Pronoun omission : I was invited by the professor (whom /who/that) I met at the conference.

32. RELATIVE PRONOUNS & ADVERBS IN DEFINING Person Thing Place Time Reason Subject who/that which/th at Object who/who m/that/ø which/th at/ø where when why Possessive whose whose

33. WHEN • Meaning: in/on which • Use: refers to a time expression (Pronoun omission): Is there a time (when) we can meet?

34. WHERE • Meaning: in/at which • Use: refers to place (Pronoun omission )+ preposition: The hotel where we stay was very small. The hotel we stay at was very small

35. WHY • Meaning: for which • Use: refers to a reason (Pronoun omission): Is there a reason (why/ that) you want to leave now?

36. NON- DEFINING Non-defining information, separated by commas in writing, and intonation in speaking. “ Sara’s mother,who is 78 who is 78, goes swimming every day” My cousin, who is older than me, speaks French. clauses add extra

37. Non-defining pronouns & adverbs CANNOT be OMITTED Person Thing Place Time Subject who which Object who/whom where Which when whose whose Possessiv e

38. NON-DEFINING EXAMPLES • (Clause comes after the subject) • WHO: • Mr. Smith, who works with me, has invited me to a party. (subject pronoun) • In English, “who” is also commonly used as an object pronoun. Example: Mr. Smith, who I like, has invited me to a party. (object pronoun) • Mr. Smith, whom I like, has invited me to a party. (object pronoun)

39. NON-DEFINING EXAMPLES • WHICH: • Saleem´s house, which is in the centre of the town, is over 1oo years old. • The garden, which was full of blossoming flowers, overlooked the hill • He gave me a cake, which was on a white plate. (subject pronoun) • He gave me a cake, which I ate immediately. • (object pronoun)

40. • My mum, who has been baking for years, made us cupcakes. • I walk to school with my friend, whose house is next door to mine. • My friend, whom I've known for years, came to my house today. • The library, which is full of books, is my favorite place to go. • The leisure center, where I go swimming, is just across town.

41. • (Clause comes after the object) Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York. The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed. Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now. I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

42. • Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York. • The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed. • Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now. • I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

43. Be careful! • In non-defining relative clauses, “which” is NEVER replaced by “that”. • Never use “that” • We never use the relative pronoun “that” in non-defining relative clauses. • Examples:

44. • Mr. Smith, who works with me, has invited me to a party. • • Mr. Smith, that works with me, has invited me to a party. X • Mr. Smith, whom I like, has invited me to a party. • Mr. Smith, that I like, has invited me to a party. X •

45. Be careful! • He gave me the cake, which I ate immediately. • He gave me the cake, that I ate immediately. X

46. • WHOSE: • Jana, whose brother is the policeman, is a good friend of mine. • WHERE: We visited a town called Irbid, where we had lunch in an traditional restaurant. • WHEN: We are going on holiday in September, when the weather isn’t so hot.

47. Prepositions + relative pronouns • In formal style we usually put a preposition before the relative pronoun and we use whom instead of who. – The office to which Ali took us was filled with books • In less formal style we usually put the preposition at the end of the relative clause. – The office that Ali took us to was filled with books

48. Punctuation rule • We use commas (,) to separate non- defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence. Commas represent a pause. • Examples: • We visited Hyde Park, which is close to Buckingham Palace. Hyde Park, which is close to Buckingham Palace, is closed today.