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EE 448

EE 448. University of Southern California Department of Electrical Engineering. Dr. Edward W. Maby Class #1 11 January 2005. Course Personnel. Dr. Edward W. Maby (Instructor) maby@usc.edu 740-4706 Office Hours: MW 1:00 - 2:00 PHE 626 Clint Colby ccolby@usc.edu Tyler Rather

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EE 448

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  1. EE 448 University of Southern California Department of Electrical Engineering Dr. Edward W. Maby Class #1 11 January 2005

  2. Course Personnel • Dr. Edward W. Maby (Instructor) • maby@usc.edu 740-4706 • Office Hours: MW 1:00 - 2:00 PHE 626 • Clint Colby • ccolby@usc.edu • Tyler Rather • rather@usc.edu

  3. Grading Policy • Midterm 1 25% 17 February • Midterm 2 25% 24 March • Homework 15% • Final Exam 35% 10 May • No Make-Up Exams • Homework Conditions Borderline Grades • Same “Curve” for Graduate Students

  4. Course Objectives • Circuit Concepts for RF Systems • Transmission Lines, Impedance Matching • Noise and Distortion Analysis • Filter Design • RF System Components • Low-Noise Amplifiers, Power Amplifiers • Mixers and Oscillators • Elementary Transmitter/Receiver Architectures and Their Board-Level Implementation

  5. Why RF ? • Ever-Growing Wireless Applications • Personal Communication Systems • Satellite Systems • Global Positioning Systems • Wireless Local-Area Networks • Strong Demand for Wireless Engineers • Digital is HOT • Analog is COOL • RF Design is an ART

  6. Emphasis ??? • Designing RF Integrated Circuits • Some Engineers • Designing With RF Integrated Circuits • More Engineers • Difficult to Satisfy Both Objectives

  7. EE 448 Textbooks • The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits • Thomas H. Lee (required) • Planar Microwave Engineering: A Practical Guide to Theory Measurements and Circuits • Thomas H. Lee • Radio Frequency Circuit Design • W. Alan Davis and Krishna K. Agarwal • Advanced RF Engineering for Wireless Systems and Networks • Arshad Hussain • Microwave and RF Design of Wireless Systems • David M. Pozar • High-Frequency Techniques • Joseph F. White

  8. Some Good Advice … • Read the Syllabus • Come to Class (Come to Class Early) • Do the Homework (But Not One Hour Before a Deadline) (And Don’t Give Up Easily) • Enjoy the Course !

  9. Basic Radio Systems Data In Power Amplifier Bandpass Filter Modulator IF Filter Mixer X Transmitter Local Oscillator IF Amplifier Bandpass Filter Low-Noise Amplifier Demodulator IF Filter Mixer X Receiver Local Oscillator Data Out

  10. Connecting the Boxes • Antenna RF Link Between Transmitter and Receiver (Marginal Issue for EE 448) • Transmission-Line Connections Between Internal Transmitter/Receiver Components • l = Velocity / Frequency • Circuit Dimensions Comparable to l at High Frequencies (>> 1 GHz) • “Distributed” Circuit Behavior

  11. Transmission-Line Model • Two “Wires” with Uniform Cross Section • L (inductance), C (capacitance) per unit length • Transverse Electromagnetic Fields • Quasi-Static Solutions • L = L (m, xy geometry), C = C (e, xy geometry), • L C = me • R (resistance), G (conductance) per unit length (Consider Physical Mechanisms Later)

  12. Telegraphers Equations (Heaviside, 1880)

  13. Power Implications Change in Stored Linear Energy Density Dissipated Power

  14. Time-Domain Solutions (No Loss) Wave Equation Forward Wave Reverse Wave Velocity No Wave Dispersion (Corruption) During Propagation

  15. Frequency Domain v and i haveTime Dependence (Similar equation for i) Propagation Constant R and G may be w dependent

  16. Freq.-Domain Solutions Forward Reverse (V+ and V- are Fourier Amplitudes) Similar form for i (z,t); however, Characteristic Line Impedance (Zo Follows Directly from Transmission-Line Model)

  17. Low-Loss Propagation (OK to 10 GHz) Assume For Line Length l, • Attenuation in dB • Attenuation in nepers

  18. Velocities and Wavelength Fixed Phase Angle Phase Velocity: w Independent No Dispersion Group Velocity: (Applies to Modulated Signal) Wavelength:

  19. Historical Remarks (Transatlantic Cable) First Telegrapher’s Equations: (No L or G) Prof. William Thomson (Later Lord Kelvin) 1854 Diffusion Equation (Applies to Most Ordinary IC Interconnects)

  20. Diffusion Solutions Unit-Step Input: For line length l, imax at Pulse Input:

  21. Diffusion “Velocity” Sinusoidal Input: “Velocity” Dispersion, High-Frequency Attenuation

  22. Did Engineers Care? Dr. Edward Orange Wildman Whitehouse M.D. Chief Electrician, Atlantic Telegraph Company, 1856 On Thomson’s Results … “In all honesty, I am bound to answer, that I believe nature knows no such application of that law; and I can only regard it as a fiction of the schools, a forced and violent adaptation of a principle in Physics, good and true under other circum- stances, but misapplied here.” Nahin, p. 34 First Transatlantic Cable (1858) Whitehouse: Long Cable Requires Large-Voltage Input 2000-V “Stroke of Lightning” per Pulse (Obviously)

  23. What Happened Next? • Queen Victoria and James Buchanan Exchange Messages • Great Celebration, Public Pleased • Cable Insulation Fails, Cable Dead, Public Angry • Boston Headline: Was the Atlantic Cable a Humbug? • Investor: Was Cyrus Field an Inside Trader? • Further Experiments: High Voltage Not Necessary • Whitehouse Fired • Second Transatlantic Cable Successful (1866)

  24. Minimal Dispersion ? Telegraph Lines Make Poor Telephone Lines (Bell Fails to Propagate Voice Over Atlantic Cable - 1877) ? Heaviside (1887) Increase L by Adding Series Loading Coils at l/4 Intervals Improve Audio Bandwidth, But Suppress High Frequencies H88 Standard (88 mH at 6000-foot Intervals) Bad for DSL

  25. Dispersion - Skin Effect Skin Depth Real Part: Amplitude Distortion Imaginary Part: Phase Distortion Rise Time

  26. Dispersion - Dielectric Loss General Relation for Capacitance: Dielectric Constant Has Real and Imaginary Parts (Loss Tangent) Loss Dielectric Loss Overtakes Skin-Depth Loss (f >> 1 GHz)

  27. Digital Digression • Dispersion Promotes Inter-Symbol Interference • Equalization at Receiver • Correct for Group Delay • Correct for Amplitude Distortion • Difficult for Very-High Data Rates • Pre-Emphasis (Pre-Distortion) at Transmitter • Increase Pulse Amplitude After Transition • MAX3292 (for RS-485) • See Widmer et al. (IBM) IEEE JSSC 31, 2004 (1996)

  28. Why 50 Ohms? (Lee, pp. 229-231) Consider Coaxial Cable With Inner and Outer Diameters a and b Maximum Deliverable Power: Zo = 30 W Minimum Attenuation: Zo = 77 W (75 W - Cable TV) Compromise: Zo = 50 W

  29. Microstrip Lines w e Substrate h • Important Substrate Properties • Relative Dielectric Constant • Loss Tangent • Thermal Conductivity • Dielectric Strength • Numerous Design Equations for Zo and Effective e • See Davis and Agarwal, pp. 71-74; Chang, pp. 43-49 • Calculator: http://mcalc.sourceforge.net/#calc

  30. Design Formulas • Define • Then • Assumes “Narrow” Lines

  31. References (Other than course texts) • Richard B. Adler, Lan Jen Chu, and Robert M. Fano, Electromagnetic Energy Transmission and Radiation (1960) • Paul J. Nahin, Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age (1988) • Henry M. Field, History of the Atlantic Telegraph (1866) • Kai Chang, RF and Microwave Wireless Systems (2000) • Richard E. Matick, Transmission Lines for Digital and Communication Networks (1969)

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