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general principles of toxicology

General Principles of Toxicology. MechanisticToxicogenicsDescriptiveToxicity TestingSafety evaluationRegulatory requirementsRegulatory. General Principles of Toxicology. Forensic ToxiciologyClinical ToxicologyEnvironmental ToxicologyEcotoxicologyDevelopmental ToxicologyTeratologyReproductive Toxicology.

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general principles of toxicology

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    1. General Principles of Toxicology

    3. General Principles of Toxicology Forensic Toxiciology Clinical Toxicology Environmental Toxicology Ecotoxicology Developmental Toxicology Teratology Reproductive Toxicology

    4. Spectrum of Toxic Dose AGENT DOSE (mg/kg) Ethyl Alcohol 10,000 Sodium Chloride 4,000 Ferrous Sulfate 1,500 Morphine Sulfate 900 Phenobarbital Sodium 150 Picrotoxin 5 Nicotine 1 D-Tubocurarine 0.5 Hemicholinium-3 0.2 Tetrodotoxin 0.1 Dioxin (TCDD) 0.001 Botulinum Toxin 0.00001 General Principles of Toxicology

    5. General Principles of Toxicology Classification of Toxic Agents Toxin Of biologic origin Toxicant Anthropogenic origin

    6. General Principles of Toxicology Route and Site of Exposure Duration and frequency of exposure Acute dose occurs in less than 24 hour Ingestion Dermal Inhalation Intra-ocular Injection

    8. General Principles of Toxicology Sub-acute Less than one month by whatever route and repetition Sub-chronic Doses between one and three months Chronic Exposure for more than three months to lifetime

    9. General Principles of Toxicology Spectrum of Undesired effects Allergic Reactions Idiosyncratic reactions Immediate versus delayed toxicity Reversible versus irreversible toxics effecs Local versus systemic toxicity

    10. General Principles of Toxicology Interaction of chemicals Additive action 2 + 3 = 5 Synergistic 2 + 2 = 20 Potentiation 0 + 2 = 10 Antagonism 4 + 6 = 8

    11. General Principles of Toxicology Types of antagonism Functional Opposite effects on the same physiologic function Chemical Chelators of metals Dispositional Changes in uptake, distribution or excretion Receptor blockers

    23. Lessons Learned 1 Question: All chemicals are toxic but Natural products are not poisons because they are beneficial Synthetic chemicals are more toxic than substances found in the natural environment Both natural and synthetic substances are toxic depending on the dose Two chemicals are equally toxic if they have the same LD50

    24. Lessons Learned 2 On the basis of surface area, the ranking of dose per unit area: Mouse, Rat, Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Cat, Monkey, Dog, Human Mouse, Rabbit, Rat, Guinea Pig, Cat, Dog, Monkey, Human Mouse, Rat, Guinea Pig, Rabbit, Cat, Monkey, Dog, Human Mouse, Rat, Guinea Pig, Rabbit, Cat, Dog, Monkey, Human

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