SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 -Regulations Affecting Corporate Responsibility and Its Disclosure-

1. SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002-Regulations Affecting Corporate Responsibility and Its Disclosure-

2. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002(SOA-Act)-Regulations Affecting Corporate Responsibility and Its Disclosure- • Outline of the project • First Chapter- Reasons behind the SOA • Second Chapter- General overview of major provisions and critics about the Act • Third Chapter- Focused on the responsibilities and related disclosure requirements for companies` executives & attorney’s by referring related SEC Rules. In this chapter discussions about each of the regulations are also provided.

3. Reasons Behind The Sarbanes-Oxley • SOA was enacted soon after the significant corporate scandals most popular ones are Enron and WorldCom, • The environment triggering corporate scandals is provided in the paper in summary; • Take over movement, equity compensation linked executives interest to the share price. • Motivations to meet market expectations among concerns. • Long term bull market effect (1994-2000), • Specifically, the reasons for failure of gatekeepers e.g. auditors, lawyers, analyst… in the scandals. (deterrence, bubble) • Investors` position in that environment is also considered.

4. Reasons Behind The Sarbanes-OxleyEnron Case • As a main model to enlighten the objectives of the SOA the short timeline of Enron’s fall and the comments about the role of participants provided. • Enron when its stock price was $90 in August 2000, was America’s 7th largest company, • It went to chapter 11 (bankruptcy) on December 2, 2001, promptly after restating their financial reports, as largest bankruptcy reorganization in American history, the stock price at that time was 60 cents. • The most highlighted event at the collapse of the Enron is its relations with limited partnerships (Special Purpose Entity- SPEs), - Executives got personal gains being on both sides (Fastow -CFO-more than $ 30 million) - Enron failed to disclose the extent of these relations (off-balance sheet and related party transaction)

5. Reasons Behind The Sarbanes-OxleyEnron Case (Cont’d) • Special Committee founded to investigate the events, noted failures all levels of monitoring within the company including board. • The gatekeepers such as lawyers (Vinson & Elkins), rating agencies severely criticized. • Some investment banks after the event alleged aiding and abetting the securities fraud. • Enron’s both internal and outside auditor Arthur Andersen, indicted to obstruction of justice,shredding of Enron-related documents, • The whistle-blower, vice president of Enron until resigned, Sharon Watkins, letter to the top of Enron highly emphasized by media.

6. March 2002- Enron demise followed by over 30 Enron inspired bills and several regulatory responses from the SEC and SRO ’s. June 25 2002,WorldCom confessed that it had overstated its income by $3.8 billion, the announcement staggered financial world because of the size and simplicity of overstatement, On July 25 2002, SOA passed the Senate, President signed into Law on July 30 2002. Reasons Behind The Sarbanes-OxleyOther Scandals way through legislation.

7. Major Provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley The Act has 11 titles can be summarized within; Foundation of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Auditor independence provisions, A range of corporate governance measures, Expanded financial disclosure requirements, Analyst`s potential conflict of interest, Increase in SEC funding & enforcement power and direction of various studies and reports, Criminal penalties & fraud. What Sarbanes-Oxley Brings

8. Major Provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley Title I and II, regulates; -Foundation of PCAOB-empowered to set auditing quality, control and ethic standards, inspect registered accountants, take disciplinary actions, - Funding of FASB changed by providing full financial independence from the accounting industry, - Auditor independence from corporate management supported by creating more separation between auditing and consulting function, Title III and IV brought enclosed provisions about responsibility of public company officers and lawyers for the quality and accuracy of financial reporting, and some related disclosure requirements, provided in detail in Chapter III. What Sarbanes-Oxley Brings

9. Major Provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley Title IV cited provisions aiming to enhance financial disclosure; -Off-balance sheet transactions- Sec. 401-As a direct response use of Enron SPEs to keep liabilities off balance-sheet, SOA directs SEC to prepare regulations requiring companies to disclose in their periodic reports all material off balance-sheet information (including contingent obligations), -Pro Forma Disclosure- Requires SEC to adopt rules requiring the companies to publish Pro Forma data with a reconciliation to comparable data calculated according to GAAP. -Required SEC prepare a study on SPEs, -Enhanced SEC Review of Disclosure-Sec. 408.-SEC must systemically review corporate filings at least once a three year. (Selection criterias e.g. stock price volatility, large market capitalization…) -Rapid Disclosure of Financial Change-Sec. 409-Disclosure of additional information concerning material changes in financial conditions or operations on a rapid and current basis. What Sarbanes-Oxley Brings

10. Major Provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley Title V seeks to limit and expose to public possible conflict of interest effecting securities analysts, in that respect; Sec. 501 of the Act obliged, SEC or on the SEC’s direction exchanges, designed regulations; -Restricting the pre-publication clearance of research or recommendation by other staff, -Limiting supervision and compensation of analysts to one other than investment banking, -Protects analysts from retaliation or threats. Title VI is related to SEC’s resources and authority and Title VII requires some studies and reports to be conducted; - Increased SEC funding; -Codified SEC’s authority to censure and deny temporarily or permanently preparing and practicing before, -To reduce the migration of fraud, SEC was authorized to bar securities industry employees barred from other financial sectors, What Sarbanes-Oxley Brings

11. Major Provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley Title VI is related to SEC’s resources and authority and Title VII requires some studies and reports to be conducted; -Required special studies; -Sec. 701-Consolidation of public accounting firms (Comptroller General) -Sec. 702-Role of credit rating agency in the operation of securities markets (SEC) -Sec. 705-Role of investment bankers and financial advisers in assisting public companies manipulation of their earnings (GAO) What Sarbanes-Oxley Brings

12. Major Provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley SOA imposes new criminal penalties for fraud and other wrongful act; -Creates a new federal criminal violation, called securities fraud, violation of this statue will be punishable by fine and imprisonment upto 25 years, -Strengthens the existing penalties of mail and wire fraud, -Direct respond to Arthur Andersen`s shredding event, creates new document destruction crime, -Contains federal protection for whistle blowers when act lawfully to disclose information, -Increases statue of limitation in private lawsuits, What Sarbanes-Oxley Brings

13. Critics of Sarbanes-Oxley An election year is not proper to overhaul a complicated area like securities regulation. Simply follows headlines from Enron and others with little appreciation for systemic problems The efforts of SEC and other SROs is not taken into account by Congress. Little appreciation for markets` response to the scandals. Many provisions are simply delegations of authority to the SEC to adopt rules, some of them involve the SEC or the other SROs had already undertaken rulemaking initiatives. May cause long-term systemic harm to the competitiveness of US capital markets. What Sarbanes-Oxley Brings

14. Audit Committees Sec. 301-SEC Proposed Rule ”Standards Relating to Listed Company Audit Committees” Sec. 301 requires the SEC to direct the exchanges and NASD to prohibit the listing of securities of companies not complying with certain audit committee requirements. Definition- A committee (or equivalent body) established by and composed of members of an issuer’s board of directors to oversee the accounting and financial reporting processes and audits of the financial statements. If the issuer does not establish such a committee, the entire board of directors serves in that capacity. The Responsibilities of Audit Committees cited as; -Relationships to auditors -Audit committee independence -Authority and funding to hire advisers -Procedures to address complaints regarding accounting, internal accounting controls, or auditing matters Regulations of Sarbanes-OxleyAffecting Corporate Responsibility and Its Disclosure

15. SEC rule details the audit committee responsibilities and add some disclosure requirements to ensure the investors are informed about the composition. Relationships to auditors- directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, and oversight of the registered audit firm’s work, including the resolution of disagreements over financial reporting. Independence-Two criterias were set for the independence; -Compensation-They can’t accept any consultation fee other than for their service as a board member -Affiliated person-Not being an affiliated person of the issuer (controls the issuer or under common control)-(A safe harbor provision defined for affiliated person definition by Rule) Audit Committees

16. Authority and funding to hire advisor- For auditors and other outside advisors funding will be determined by audit committee. Procedures to handling complaints- Requires the audit committee establish procedures for complaints of employees and others, about accounting, internal control and audit. (Anonyms also to make sure to enable whistle blowing) Some exemptions are also provided by Rule (IPO, holding companies etc.), For foreign private issuers limited exemptions enabled (permission for employee etc), Audit Committees

17. Exchanges’ Situation; -SEC rule only sets a base line, exchanges expected to add information on implementation and enforcement, -Issuers must notify the exchanges or associations in case of material non-compliance -Exchanges expected to establish procedures for correcting problems and de-listing -Exchanges must adopt the rules’ provisions no later than the anniversary of Final Rule. Financial Expertise of Audit Committee Member Sec. 407 –SEC Final Rule “Disclosure Required by Sec. 406 and 407 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act Role of audit committee member requires financial expertise, the Sec. 407 directs SEC to issue Rules that require a company to disclose whether or not, and if not, the reasons why not, the audit committee of that company is comprised of at least one member who is a financial expert at annual reports. Rules had a detail definition for ‘audit committee financial expert’, regulating attributes of financial expert, how it is expected to be acquired, (Definition is among the controversial areas-whether have direct expertise at the preparation of financial statements) Audit Committees

18. Financial Expertise of Audit Committee Member A safe harbor generated by Rule: Mentioning this title do not impose any additional duty, obligation or liability. Discussions about Audit Committee Regulations -Before the SOA exchanges had already have audit committee requirements including their financial expertise. NYSE and NASDAQ has already proposed changes to their corporate governance listing requirements which is waiting for SEC approval. -One of the benefits of SOA: Common regulation base for audit committees (Financial expertise requirements used with a diverse interpretation by exchanges) -The financial expertise regulation do not include any penalty so its efficiency is limited to the investors’ awareness to that kind of information. -Key issue for the effectiveness of new audit committee regulations is lied in the exchanges attributes to the violations. Since before the SOA they are unwilling to use delisting threat Audit Committees

19. Discussions about Audit Committee Regulations -The Rule’s exemptions for audit committee requirements for foreign issuers is restricted when compared with the exchange’s listing rules in the past, so the effect of these regulations to the competitiveness of the US capital markets are among concerns, -During the corporate scandals whistle blowers role for dissemination of information about irregularities emphasized, the requirement for establishing procedures for handling anonyms complaints is a result of that. But its success is limited with the company’s approach towards these cases. -The recent decisions about the audit committee members (accepting them as control person- e.g. Lernout&Hauspie) represent the increased risk, new regulations can affect to find eligible audit committee members because of increased risk. Safe harbor for audit committee financial expert’s would be helpful. Audit Committees

20. Professional Responsibility of Attorneys Sec. 307 - SEC Final Rule “Implementation of Standard of Professional Conduct for Attorneys” Reflecting the critics about the lawyers` role in scandals, Sec. 307 requires and gives authority SEC to adopt rules establishing minimum standards of professional conduct for attorneys appearing and practicing before the SEC The Rule defines appearing and practicing before the SEC expansively including in-house and outside attorneys (even advising an issuer to whether a statement required under the securities laws or the SEC`s Rule) Up-To-Ladder Reporting -Report evidence of a material violation of securities law or breach of a fiduciary duty or similar violation by the company or one of its agents to the chief legal officer or the CEO of the company. -If they does not appropriately respond to the evidence, attorney must report the evidence to the board’s audit committee or to another board committee comprised solely of directors not employed directly or indirectly by the company or to the board of directors. Alternative procedure -Rules establish a new term “Qualified Legal Compliance Committee” as an alternative to the reporting evidence. Disclosure to QLCC relieves attorney’s reporting requirements mentioned above. -This committee has at least one member of the issuers audit committee or equivalent committee of independent directors and two or more independent board members. Regulations of Sarbanes-OxleyAffecting Corporate Responsibility and Its Disclosure

21. Disclosure of Confidential Information - Rules contains a “self-defense” exception to issuer confidentiality - Allow an attorney to reveal to the SEC, without issuer consent, confidential information related to the attorney’s representation of the issuer to the extent he or she reasonably believes necessary to prevent (e.g. a material violation by the issuer that is likely to cause substantial injury to the issuer or investors) Rules do not create a private cause of action and that authority. Proposed rule required a lawyer to make a “noisy withdrawal” from representing the company if the attorney sees evidence of fraud and the company fails to react (As reporting to SEC his/her withdrawal "for professional reasons.") SEC delayed the application Professional Responsibility of Attorneys

22. Discussions on Professional Responsibility of Attorneys Sec. 307’s reporting up requirement is attempted to force attorneys as an information intermediary This can affect attorney’s behavior in two ways; -firstly causing lawyers to investigate potential corporate misconduct more vigorously. -secondly bringing evidence of misconduct to the officers and the Board, so corporate decision maker will be informed. Sec. 307 can provide a type of early warning system for independent directors, who are not involved in day to day corporate operations much. The cost of the regulation can be threatening for the quality of information flow between corporate attorneys and their clients. On the other hand to reduce the risk lawyers may choice over disclosure or decrease incentive to become fully informed. Willingness of the employee to provide information to attorney can be affected. Regulations like noisy withdrawal may compromise a lawyers’ professional reputation. Other managers will be unwilling to hire a lawyer who is known as a whistle blower. These Rules are likely to have a profound impact on attorney-client confidentiality rules. The debated noisy withdrawal requirements which SEC is proposed and delayed to apply seem beyond the Sec. 307’s intention. This regulation can inhibit information flow between customers and attorney. Professional Responsibility of Attorneys

23. Corporate Responsibilities of Financial Reports Sec. 302 – Sec Final Rule “Certification of Disclosure in Companies’ Quarterly and Annual Reports” Certification application starts with the order of SEC to 947 biggest public companies. Then transferred to SOA. Sec. 302 regulates that SEC must adopt regulations, public company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer or person performing similar functions certify each annual and quarterly report filed under Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act. The certifications pertain to the content of each report and to a company’s system of controls designed to enable it to meet its periodic disclosure obligations. Certifications must use the exact wording prescribed in the rules. Regulations of Sarbanes-OxleyAffecting Corporate Responsibility and Its Disclosure

24. The rules require these principal executive and financial officers to certify that the report is accurate, complete, and fairly presented and to take responsibility for maintaining and evaluating the issuer’s “disclosure controls and procedures.” The officers have made required disclosures to the auditors and to the audit committee about fraud and about significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in internal controls. The officers must also affirm that they have disclosed their evaluations for the effectiveness of the “disclosure controls and procedures” and must indicate whether there have been significant changes in the internal controls or in factors that might significantly change them. Corporate Responsibilities of Financial Reports

25. Disclosure Controls and Procedures A new term established by SEC to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports is gathered, reported, processed, summarized and disclose in a timely manner. Intended to enable the financial and non-financial information required to meet its reporting obligations. Failure to maintain adequate disclosure controls and procedures and review them, could be subject to SEC’s action. In that way SEC is regulating the company’s disclosure preparation procedures. SEC interpreted that this term is different from the internal control. Corporate Responsibilities of Financial Reports

26. Sec. 906 Certification In addition to Sec. 302 certification requirements, Sec. 906 of the Act also requires a certification by the companies chief executive officer and the financial officer accompany each period filed under Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 containing financial statements. Providing that: -The report fully complies with the requirements of reporting; -The information in the report fairly presents in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the company, This certification requirement is effective immediately. Imposes criminal penalties of up to $1 million and/or ten years in prison for knowingly filing a false certification, and up to $5 million and/or 20 years in prison for willfully filing a false certification. Corporate Responsibilities of Financial Reports

27. Discussions on Corporate Responsibility Certification requirements Sec. 302 and Sec. 906 seems to overlap. Both of them covers the certification of fair presentation of financial conditions and results of operations of the company. Bringing two separate certification burden for officers, may be interpreted as an evidence of the disorganized manner of the Act. Using different officer terms is another evidence. CEO and CFO’s have been signing the annual reports. So before the certification CEOs or CFOs that make knowingly false certification would have been subject to prosecution for making false statements. Primary certification is the one codified in Sec. 302 which is also including the procedures to ensure the financial statements accuracy. However only Sec. 906 certifications has criminal provisions. Corporate Responsibilities of Financial Reports

28. Discussions on Corporate Responsibility Certification requirements use fairly present clause not the GAAP compliance requirement. So the certification statement is not limited to a representation that the financial statements and other financial information have been presented in accordance with GAAP. SEC’s view about disclosure in periodic reports would not be only restricted with the GAAP compliance for financial statements resembles a new perspective beyond the GAAP. It reflects intention of evolving the principal based standards to rule based standards. The effect of fair presentation clause is concluded as codification of Judge Friendly’s decision in United States v. Simon, which held that an accountant could be convicted of securities fraud even if the accounting practice at issue complied with GAAP. This can affect further cases concept. CEOs and CFOs of the company’s would require downside certifications, besides bringing new paperwork burden, can harm the trust in company Certification requirement may bring more conscience to the process of report preparation. Corporate Responsibilities of Financial Reports

29. Management Assessment of Internal Control SEC. 404-SEC Proposed Rule ‘Disclosure Required by Section 404, 406 and 407 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002” Definition Controls that pertain to the preparation of financial statements for external purposes that are fairly presented in conformity with GAAP Managements Internal Control Report Annual reports must include a report of management on internal controls and procedures for financial reporting. Stating; The responsibility of management for establishing and maintaining an adequate internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting , Contain an assessment, as of the end of the most recent fiscal year of the issuer, of the effectiveness of the internal control structure and procedures of the issuer for financial reporting. In addition external auditor attestation. Regulations of Sarbanes-OxleyAffecting Corporate Responsibility and Its Disclosure

30. Rule proposes changes to certification requirements –every periodic report include both evaluation of disclosure and internal control. Discussions on Assessment of Internal Control There is overlap between Act’s Sec. 302 and Sec. 404 requirements. ( SEC tried to differentiate them bringing a new concept as disclosure control and procedures) Disclosure controls and procedures should entail some level of internal controls review. Act’s two separate sections possess the same aim ‘effective internal control procedures.’ Management Assessment of Internal Control

31. Compensation of CEOs and CFOs Sec. 304-Forfeiture of Bonuses and Profits In case an accounting restatement due to the material noncompliance, as a result of misconduct, the CEO and CFO of the issuer shall reimburse the issuer for: Any bonus or other incentive-based or equity based compensation Any profits realized from the sale of securities of the issuer Sec. 402-Loans to Officers and Directors Makes unlawful for any issuer to arrange or to renew an extension of credit, in the form of a personal loan to or for any director or executive officer (Prohibits indirect compensation) FASB’s and exchange’s proposals Regulations of Sarbanes-OxleyAffecting Corporate Responsibility and Its Disclosure

32. Discussions on Compensation Forfeiture required regardless of effect of restatement or whether directly attributable to the misstatement of financial results. Cost inhibiting the CEO and CFO’s eager to make prompt disclosure of non-compliances. ‘Loans to officers and directors’ concept is ambiguous Types of indirect compensations can be created if there is an intention for it. After these penalizing attempts compensation techniques can evolve Compensation of CEOs and CFOs

33. Officer Bar and Penalties Sec. 305 Replaces “substantial unfitness” standard for banning officer and directors with an “unfitness” standard. Contains an equitable relief section Sec. 1105In any cease-and-desist proceeding, the SEC may order to prohibit officer or director of any issuer with registered securities demonstrates unfitness Discussions -SEC has a lower standard and new administrative technique for banning the officers -Responsibility of the fraud for officers is also increased Regulations of Sarbanes-OxleyAffecting Corporate Responsibility and Its Disclosure

34. Fair Fund For Investors Sec. 308 Disgorgement of profits ordered against those who have violated securities laws, or any other funds collected as a result of the imposition of penalties following securities laws violations, be added to a fund for the benefit of the victims of the violations if the SEC so directs. Discussions -Civil money penalties can be distributed harmed investors-prior forwarded to Treasury -Utilization requires amendments to Act and enhanced collection techniques (another spontaneous manner of the Act) Regulations of Sarbanes-OxleyAffecting Corporate Responsibility and Its Disclosure

35. Code of Ethics Sec. 406-SEC Final Rule “Disclosures Required by Section 406 and 407 of Sarbanes-Oxley” -Requires disclosure of whether they have adopted a code of ethics and “of any change in, or waiver of” an issuer’s code of ethics in annual reports. Definition -honest and ethical conduct -Full fair, accurate timely disclosure in reports and documents, -Compliance with laws, rules and regulations, -Prompt reporting to violations, Disclosure -Made publicly available by exhibit to annual report, post internet web site, by giving information in annual report give copy to any person without charge Regulations of Sarbanes-Oxley Affecting Corporate Responsibility and Its Disclosure

36. Waiver of Code of Ethics Required to promptly disclose any changes to, or waivers of, the code of ethics on Form 8-K or on its Internet Web site Discussion on Code of Ethics Has been used by companies for several years (Enron also had a code of ethics). Only raise the level of ethical behavior if taken seriously and enforced Provide information to investors on code of ethic but can not guarantee or impose ethical behavior to officers. Code of Ethics

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