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CHL 583

introductions, syllabus, a few terms. a brief history of picture books ... illustrations, ballads, folktales, poems, and religious texts

Angelica
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CHL 583

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    Slide 1:Introduction to the history of English 3

    Slide 2:Grimm’s Law

    voiced aspirated stops > voiced stops /bh, dh, gh/ >> /b, d, g/ voiced stops > voiceless stops /b, d, g/ > /p, t, k/ voiceless stops > voiceless fricatives /p, t, k/ > / f, ?, x/ ? an unconditioned sound change affecting all the stop consonants of Germanic ? a chain reaction (a push or a drag chain)

    Slide 3:Verner’s Law

    According to Grimm’s Law: where Latin has /t/ ? a Germanic language should have /?/ BUT pater – father, mater – mother ? /ð/ Verner’s Law: a subsequent change to the voiced fricative when it did not occur in word-initial position it occurred between voiced sounds the preceding syllable had been unstressed e.g. father: the consonant = word-medial, between two voiced vowel sounds and the first syllable of the word was historically unstressed

    Slide 4:PIE – Reconstruction 1

    Greek pater Sanskrit pitar Latin pater IE * Gothic fadar Old Irish athir (Old Irish p-loss is Common Celtic!)

    Slide 5:PIE – Reconstruction 2

    Greek pater Sanskrit pitar Latin pater IE * p Gothic fadar Old Irish athir

    Slide 6:PIE – Reconstruction 3

    Greek pater Sanskrit pitar Latin pater IE * p t Gothic fadar Old Irish athir

    Slide 7:PIE – Reconstruction 4

    Greek pater Sanskrit pitar Latin pater IE * p t r Gothic fadar Old Irish athir

    Slide 8:PIE – Reconstruction 5

    Greek pater Sanskrit pitar Latin pater IE * p ? t e r Gothic fadar Old Irish athir

    Slide 9:PIE – Reconstruction 6

    Greek pater Indo-European Sanskrit pitar Latin pater IE * p ? t e r Gothic fadar Old Irish athir

    Slide 10:PIE – Reconstruction 7

    Greek pater Indo-European Sanskrit pitar Latin pater IE * p ? t e r Gothic fadar Old Irish athir proto-language

    Slide 11:4th/5th c / 449 AD

    WHO = Anglo-Saxons??? Angles, Saxons, Jutes = culturally and linguistically related Germanic tribes of IE origin ? from the Great North German Plain in England ? in different parts of the country ? useful alliances / small kingdoms Anglo-Saxon heptarchy

    Slide 12:Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy

    Northumbria (early 7th c.) Kent (6th - early 7th c.) Mercia (8th c.) Wessex (9th c.) Essex Sussex East Anglia

    Slide 13:end of 8th century / 878 AD

    ? arrival of the Vikings: ? a series of Viking raids ? destruction of centres of Christianity (e.g. monasteries at Lindisfarne and Jarrow), violence & pay-offs result ? alliances ? Alfred the Great 878 AD victory over Guthrum ? signed the Treaty of Wedmore: established the Danelaw BUT attacks from other Viking bands continued

    Slide 14:1013 - 1042

    Æthelred ‘the Unready’ (979 King of England) ? instability ? invasions: King Svein I of Denmark ? King of England in 1013 ? succeeded by son Cnut ? England = a Danish colony until 1042 (Edward) Linguistic and cultural consequences: Scandinavian tongues = largely mutually intelligible with English ? borrow lexemes from ON Close contact, inter-marriages, assimilation to English-speaking neighbours

    Slide 15:Hastings – end of an era

    Edward dies Jan 5, 1066 ? no heir ? 3 candidates: Harold II Godwinson (elected by the Witena Gemot) Harald Hardrada, King of Norway William, Duke of Normandy ? Fulford – Stamford Bridge – Hastings Bayeux Tapestry (www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDaB-NNyM8o)

    Slide 17:Old English literature 1 - prose

    Anglo-Saxon Chronicle / Annals Alfredian translations Homiletic writing Other religious prose Prose fiction Scientific and medical writing Laws, charters and wills

    Slide 18:Old English literature 2 - poetry

    Heroic poetry Historic poetry Biblical paraphrases & reworkings of Biblical subjects Lives of Saints Other religious poems Short elegies and lyrics Riddles and gnomic verse Miscellaneous poems

    Slide 19:OE Verse – alliterative poetry

    alliterative verse = Stabreim (= Germanische Langzeile) no end-rhyme based on individual lines 2 half-lines + caesura / line only initials of stressed syllables alliterate all vowels, but only the same consonants

    Slide 20:Siever’s 5 types

    ´ x ´ x (falling-falling) x ´ x ´ (rising-rising) x ` ` x (clashing) D.1 ´ ´ ` x (falling by stages) D.2 ´ ´ x ` (broken fall) E. ´ ` x ´ (fall and rise)

    Slide 21:OE text

    It was around the year 449 after the incarnation of our Lord when the Emperor Martianus began his reign and held it for seven years … then the people of the Angles and the Saxons were invited by the above mentioned king, and they came to Britain on three big ships... so that they should fight and battle for their country; and the Saxons gained the victory.

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