Business Essentials, 7 th Edition Ebert/Griffin

1. The U. S. Business Environment Business Essentials, 7th EditionEbert/Griffin Instructor Lecture PowerPoints PowerPoint Presentation prepared by Carol Vollmer Pope Alverno College © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. What is Business? An organized effort of individuals to produce and sell, for a profit, products and services that satisfy society’s needs.

3. Why study Business? • Helps you choose a rewarding career • You can become a better employee • You can start your own business • You can become a more informed consumer and investor

4. Economic Systems • Economic System • A nation’s system for allocating its resources among its citizens, both individuals and organizations • 3 Big ones: • Capitalism • Socialism • Communism © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. Factors of Production – resources a business uses to produce Goods and Services • Labor: Human resources • Capital: Financial resources • Entrepreneurs: Persons who risk starting a business • Physical resources: Tangible things used to conduct business • Information resources: Data and other information used by businesses

6. Planned Economies • Communism • A system Karl Marx envisioned in which individuals would contribute according to their abilities and receive benefits according to their needs. • The government owns and operates all factors of production. • The government assigns people to jobs and owns all businesses and controls business decisions. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. Market Economics • Capitalism: • The government supports private ownership and encourages entrepreneurship. • Individuals choose where to work, what to buy, and how much to pay. • Producers choose who to hire, what to produce, and how much to charge. • Socialism: The government owns and operates select major industries such as banking and transportation. Smaller businesses are privately owned. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Demand and Supply in a Market Economy • Demand and Supply Schedule • The relationships among different levels of demand and supply at different price levels as obtained from marketing research, historical data, and other studies of the market. • Demand curve: How much product will be demanded (bought) at different prices. • Supply curve: How much product will be supplied (offered for sale) at different prices. • Market price (equilibrium price): The price at which the quantity of goods demanded and the quantity of goods supplied are equal. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. FIGURE 1.2 Demand and Supply © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. The Economics of Market Systems • Demand • The willingness and ability of buyers to purchase a product (a good or a service). • Supply • The willingness and ability of producers to offer a good or service for sale. • The Laws of Demand and Supply in a Market Economy • Demand: Buyers will purchase (demand) more of a product as its price drops and less of a product as its price increases. • Supply: Producers will offer (supply) more of a product for sale as its price rises and less of a product as its price drops. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. FIGURE 1.2 Demand and Supply (Cont.) © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. Surpluses and Shortages • Surplus • A situation in which the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded • Causes losses • Shortage • A situation in which the quantity demanded will be greater than the quantity supplied • Causes lost profits • Invites increased competition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Degrees of Competition • Perfect Competition • Prices are determined by supply and demand because no single firm is powerful enough to influence the price of its product. • All firms in an industry are small. • The number of firms in the industry is large. • Principles of perfect competition: • Buyers view all products as identical. • Buyers and sellers know the prices that others are paying and receiving in the marketplace. • It is easy for firms to enter or leave the market. • Prices are set exclusively by supply and demand and accepted by both sellers and buyers. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Degrees of Competition (Cont.) • Monopolistic Competition • There are numerous sellers trying to differentiate their products from those of competitors so as to have some control over price. • There are many sellers, though fewer than in pure competition. • Sellers can enter or leave the market easily. • The large number of buyers relative to sellers applies potential limits to prices. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Degrees of Competition (Cont.) • Oligopoly • An industry with only a few large sellers. • Entry by new competitors is hard because large capital investment is needed. • The actions of one firm can significantly affect the sales of every other firm in the industry. • The prices of comparable products are usually similar. • As the trend toward globalization continues, most experts believe that oligopolies will become increasingly prevalent. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. Degrees of Competition (Cont.) • Monopoly • An industry or market that has only one producer (or else is so dominated by one producer that other firms cannot compete with it). • The sole supplier enjoys complete control over the prices of its products; its only constraint is a decrease in consumer demand due to increased prices. • Natural monopolies: Industries in which one firm can most efficiently supply all needed goods or services; typically allowed and regulated by legislated acts and governmental agencies. • Example: Electric company © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Economic Indicators • Economic Indicators • Statistics that show whether an economic system is strengthening, weakening, or remaining stable • Measure key goals of the U.S. economic system: economic growth and economic stability • Economic growth indicators • Aggregate output, standard of living, gross domestic product, and productivity • Economic stability indicators • Inflation and unemployment © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Economic Growth, Aggregate Output, and Standard of Living • Business Cycle • The pattern of short-term ups and downs (or, better, expansions and contractions) in an economy. • Aggregate Output • Growth during the business cycle is measured by the total quantity of goods and services produced by an economic system during a given period. • Standard of Living • The total quantity and quality of goods and services that consumers can purchase with the currency used in their economic system. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. Economic Indicators (cont.) • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) • An aggregate output measure of the total value of all goods and services produced within a given period by a national economy through domestic factors of production. • If GDP is going up, aggregate output is going up; if aggregate output is going up, the nation is experiencing economic growth. • Gross National Product (GNP) • The total value of all goods and services produced by a national economy within a given period, regardless of where the factors of production are located. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Economic Indicators (cont.) • Real Growth Rate • The growth rate of GDP adjusted for inflation and changes in the value of the country’s currency • Growth depends on output increasing at a faster rate than population. • Real GDP • GDP that has been adjusted to account for changes in currency values and price changes. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Economic Indicators (cont.) • Nominal GDP • GDP measured in current dollars or with all components valued at current prices. • GDP per Capita • A reflection of the standard of living: GDP per capita means GDP per person. • It is a better measure of the economic well-being of the average person than GDP itself. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. Economic Indicators (cont.) • Purchasing Power Parity • The principle that exchange rates are set so that the prices of similar products in different countries are about the same. • Indicates what people can buy with the financial resources allocated to them by their respective economic systems—a better sense of standards of living across the globe. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. FIGURE 1.3 Purchasing Power Parity – Big Mac Index © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. Economic Growth • Productivity • A measure of economic growth that compares how much product a system produces with the resources needed to produce that product. • If more product is produced with fewer factors of production, the price of the product decreases. • The standard of living in an economy improves through increases in productivity. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Economic Growth (cont.) • Balance of Trade • The economic value of all the products a country exports minus the economic value of its imported products. • Positive balance of trade: When a country exports (sells to other countries) more than it imports (buys from other countries). • Negative balance of trade: When a country imports more than it exports. Commonly called a trade deficit. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. Balance of Trade • How does a trade deficit affect economic growth? • The deficit exists because the amount of money spent on foreign products has not been paid in full. In effect, therefore, it is borrowed money, and borrowed money costs more money in the form of interest. • The money that flows out of the country to pay off the deficit cannot be used to invest in productive enterprises, either at home or overseas. • http://www.americaneconomicalert.org/ticker_home.asp © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. FIGURE 1.4 Balance of Trade © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. Economic Growth (cont.) • National Debt • The amount of money that the government owes its creditors. • Financed by borrowing in the form of bonds: Securities through which the government promises to pay buyers certain amounts of money by specified future dates. • Government competition with potential borrowers for available loan money reduces private borrowing for investments that would increase productivity. • http://www.brillig.com/debt_clock/ © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Economic Growth (cont.) • Inflation • "an increase in the price you pay for goods."  • In other words, a decline in the purchasing power of your money". • the percentage rate of change in price level over time. • http://www.inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/CurrentInflation.asp © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Economic Indicators • Consumer Price Index (CPI) • A measure of the prices of typical products purchased by consumers living in urban areas • Compared against base period—an arbitrarily selected time period against which other time periods are compared. • http://www.inflationdata.com/inflation/Consumer_Price_Index/CurrentCPI.asp © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Economic Growth (cont.) • Unemployment • The level of joblessness among people actively seeking work in an economic system • Low unemployment—a shortage of labor available for businesses to hire; results in higher wages. • Higher wages reduce hiring, which increases unemployment; results in lower wages. • http://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=usunemployment&met=unemployment_rate&tdim=true&dl=en&hl=en&q=unemployment+rate#met=unemployment_rate&tdim=true © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. Economic Growth (cont.) • Recession • A period during which aggregate output, as measured by real GDP, declines • Depression • A prolonged and deep recession © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. Managing the U.S. Economy • Fiscal Policy • The ways in which a government collects and spends revenues. • Tax rates can play an important role in fiscal policy. • Monetary Policy • The manner in which a government controls its money supply. • Working mainly through the Federal Reserve System, the government can influence banks’ willingness to lend money and prompt interest rates to go up or down. • Stabilization Policy • Coordinating fiscal and monetary policies to smooth fluctuations in output and unemployment and to stabilize prices. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. aggregate output balance of trade business business cycle capital capitalism communism competition consumer price index demand demand and supply schedule demand curve depression domestic business environment economic environment economic indicators economic system entrepreneur external environment factors of production fiscal policies global business environment gross domestic product (GDP) gross national product (GNP) inflation information resources labor (human resources) law of demand Key Terms of Chapter 1 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. law of supply market market economy market price (equilibrium price) mixed market economy monetary policies monopolistic competition monopoly national debt natural monopoly nominal GDP oligopoly perfect competition physical resources planned economy political-legal environment private enterprise privatization productivity profits purchasing power parity real GDP recession shortage socialism sociological environment stability stabilization policy Key Terms (cont.) © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. standard of living supply supply curve surplus technological environment unemployment Key Terms (cont.) © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.