pointers and array-based lists

1: Data Structures Using C++ 1 Chapter 3 Pointers and Array-Based Lists

2: Data Structures Using C++ 2

3: Data Structures Using C++ 3 Chapter Objectives Learn about pointer arithmetic Discover dynamic arrays Become aware of the shallow and deep copies of data Discover the peculiarities of classes with pointer data members Explore how dynamic arrays are used to process lists

4: Data Structures Using C++ 4 Pointer Data Types and Pointer Variables Pointer variable: variable whose content is a memory address Syntax to declare pointer variable: dataType *identifier; Address of operator: Ampersand, & Dereferencing operator: Asterisk, *

5: Data Structures Using C++ 5 Pointers Statements: int *p; int num;

6: Data Structures Using C++ 6 Pointers

7: Data Structures Using C++ 7 Pointers

8: Data Structures Using C++ 8 Pointers

9: Data Structures Using C++ 9 Pointers Summary of preceding diagrams &p, p, and *p all have different meanings &p means the address of p p means the content of p *p means the content pointed to by p, that is pointed to by the content of memory location

10: Data Structures Using C++ 10 Pointers

11: Data Structures Using C++ 11 Pointers

12: Data Structures Using C++ 12 Pointers

13: Data Structures Using C++ 13 Classes, structs, and Pointer Variables The syntax for accessing a class (struct) member using the operator -> is pointerVariableName->classMemberName Therefore, the statement (*studentPtr).gpa = 3.9; is equivalent to the statement studentPtr->gpa = 3.9;

14: Data Structures Using C++ 14 Classes, structs, and Pointer Variables

15: Data Structures Using C++ 15 Classes, structs, and Pointer Variables

16: Data Structures Using C++ 16 Syntax to use operator new new dataType; //to allocate a single variable new dataType[intExp]; //to allocate an array of variables

17: Data Structures Using C++ 17 Syntax to use operator delete delete pointer; //to destroy a single dynamic variable delete [] pointer; //to destroy a dynamically created array

18: Data Structures Using C++ 18 Operations on pointer variables Assignment operations Relational operations Limited arithmetic operations

19: Data Structures Using C++ 19 Functions and Pointers void example(int* &p, double *q) { . . . }

20: Data Structures Using C++ 20 Pointers and Function Return Pointers int* testExp(...) { . . . } is a pointer of the type int.

21: Data Structures Using C++ 21 Shallow Versus Deep Copy and Pointers

22: Data Structures Using C++ 22 Shallow Versus Deep Copy and Pointers

23: Data Structures Using C++ 23 Shallow Versus Deep Copy and Pointers second = new int[10]; for(int j = 0; j < 10; j++) second[j] = first[j];

24: Data Structures Using C++ 24 Classes and Pointers: Some Peculiarities class pointerDataClass { public: ... private: int x; int lenP; int *p; }; pointerDataClass objectOne; pointerDataClass objectTwo;

25: Data Structures Using C++ 25 Classes and Pointers: Some Peculiarities

26: Data Structures Using C++ 26 Destructor

27: Data Structures Using C++ 27 Destructor pointerDataClass::~pointerDataClass() { delete [ ] p; } class pointerDataClass { public: ~pointerDataClass(); ... private: int x; int lenP; int *p; };

28: Data Structures Using C++ 28 Assignment Operator

29: Data Structures Using C++ 29 Assignment Operator

30: Data Structures Using C++ 30 Assignment Operator

31: Data Structures Using C++ 31 Overloading the Assignment Operator Function Prototype (to be included in the definition of the class): const className& operator=(const className&); Function Definition: const className& className::operator=(const className& rightObject) { //local declaration, if any if(this != &rightObject) //avoid self-assignment { //algorithm to copy rightObject into this object } //return the object assigned return *this; }

32: Data Structures Using C++ 32 Overloading the Assignment Operator Definition of function operator=: Only one formal parameter Formal parameter generally const reference to particular class Return type of function is reference to particular class

33: Data Structures Using C++ 33 Copy Constructor

34: Data Structures Using C++ 34 Copy Constructor

35: Data Structures Using C++ 35 Copy Constructor

36: Data Structures Using C++ 36 Copy Constructor If a class has pointer data members: During object declaration, the initialization of one object using the value of another object would lead to a shallow copying of the data if the default memberwise copying of data is allowed If, as a parameter, an object is passed by value and the default member-wise copying of data is allowed, it would lead to a shallow copying of the data

37: Data Structures Using C++ 37 Copy Constructor The copy constructor automatically executes in the following situations When an object is declared and initialized by using the value of another object When, as a parameter, an object is passed by value When the return value of a function is an object

38: Data Structures Using C++ 38 Copy Constructor

39: Data Structures Using C++ 39 Copy Constructor General syntax to include the copy constructor in the definition of a class: className(const className& otherObject);

40: Data Structures Using C++ 40 Classes with Pointer Data Members Include destructor in the class Overload assignment operator for class Include copy constructor

41: Data Structures Using C++ 41 Overloading Array Index (Subscript) Operator ([ ]) Syntax to declare the operator function operator [ ] as a member of a class for nonconstant arrays: Type& operator[](int index); Syntax to declare the operator function operator [ ] as a member of a class for constant arrays: const Type& operator[](int index) const;

42: Data Structures Using C++ 42 Array-Based Lists List: A collection of elements of the same type Length of list is number of elements in list

43: Data Structures Using C++ 43 Operations performed on a list Create the list; initialized to an empty state Determine whether the list is empty Determine whether the list is full Find the size of the list Destroy, or clear, the list Determine whether an item is the same as a given list element

44: Data Structures Using C++ 44 Operations performed on a list Insert an item in the list at the specified location Remove an item from the list at the specified location Replace an item at the specified location with another item Retrieve an item from the list at the specified location Search the list for a given item

45: Data Structures Using C++ 45 UML Diagram of the class arrayListType

46: Data Structures Using C++ 46 Time Complexity of List Operations

47: Data Structures Using C++ 47 Chapter Summary Pointer data types and variables Dynamic variables Pointer arithmetic Dynamic arrays Shallow and deep copying Peculiarities of classes with pointer data members Processing lists