Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity in Special Populations

1. Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity in Special Populations Meta Analysis and Implications for Physical Education Alicia Dixon & Miyoung Lee, PhD Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences Movement Studies in Disability

2. Presentation Outline • Introduction • Background: Self-efficacy as a determinant of physical activity • Meta-Analysis Review • Purpose • Methods • Analysis • Results • Discussion • Sources of self-efficacy specific to special populations choosen • Implications • Physical education strategies for increasing efficacy

3. Self-Efficacy • Confidence a person has in his or her ability to perform a behavior and overcome barriers

4. Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity • One of the strongest correlates to physical activity • Stems from personal factors (age, gender, health) & environmental factors (safe facilities, transportation, social support) (Anderson, Wojcik, Winett, & Williams, 2006; Sallis & Owen, 1999) • Special populations have more challenges with these factors

5. Purpose of Review • To investigate the relationship of self-efficacy on physical activity behavior in special populations by employing a meta analysis

6. Methods • Articles reviewed through Pubmed, Medline, and Ebscohost databases • Keywords: physical activity, self-efficacy, older adult, intellectual disabilities, physical disabilities, and single names of disabilities (e.g., multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, spinal cord injuries, etc.) • Special populations chosen for review: • Intellectual disabilities • Physical disabilities • Neurological disabilities • Older adults (65+ years)

7. Methods – cont. • Criteria for inclusion • Self-efficacy as a mediator to PA behavior • Inclusion of correlation coefficients (self-efficacy and PA ) • Sample size larger than 150 • Participants over the age of 18 years • Recently published (2000 to current)

8. Data Analysis • Fisher’s (Zr) transformed correlations • Calculated Zr transformed to average correlation coefficient (r) • Example of Data Analysis

9. Results • Out of 610 articles searched, the following studies met the criteria and were used for meta analysis Fisher’s (Zr) transformed correlation Zr = 0.49 Back transformed average correlation r = 0.45 Table 1. Summary of Research Findings met the Inclusion Criteria

10. Discussion • Sources of Self-Efficacy • Performance attainments • Vicarious experiences • Verbal persuasion and social influence • Psychological states Bandura (1987)

11. Self-efficacy for Physical Activity in Special Populations: Intellectual disabilities • 1) Performance attainments • Positive experiences in early environments • 2) Vicarious experiences • Role modeling through peers and supports • 3) Verbal persuasion and social influence • Need supports to “show them how” to be active, provide encouragement, and provide tangible support • 4) Psychological states • Lack of perceived personal skills (J. Peterson et al., 2008; Temple, 2008)

12. Self-efficacy for Physical Activity in Special Populations:Physical Disabilities • 1) Performance attainments • Gain knowledge and recall positive PA experiences • 2) Vicarious experiences • Role modeling • Observing others succeeding in PA • Becoming a role model • 3) Verbal persuasion and social influence • Insufficient supports • Important to be apart of a social network • 4) Psychological states • Pain, fatigue, anxiety, and level of neurologic impairment or limitations • Negative beliefs about the benefits (Kersten et al., 2006; Kroll et al., 2007; Middleton et al., 2007; Nosek,et al., 2006)

13. Self-efficacy for Physical Activity in Special Populations:Multiple Sclerosis • 1) Performance attainments • Previous PA attainments and knowledge prior to onset of disease • Acknowledging accomplishments w/ MS • 2) Vicarious experiences • Role models • seeing others with MS succeed • providing confidence for others • 3) Verbal persuasion and social influence • Support from others participating in a PA program • Feeling comfortable and accepted • Social supports are critical for women with MS • 4) Psychological states • Symptoms (fatigue, spasticity, mobility, depression, and pain) (Kasser, 2009; Motl et al., 2006; Snook, et al., 2007 )

14. Self-efficacy for Physical Activity in Special Populations:Older Adults (65+ years) • 1) Performance attainments • Previous participation in PA means continued confidence later in life • Older women (today) don’t recall these experiences • 2) Vicarious experiences • Role models- variability in this influence • Seeing others “worse off” doing better may think negatively about their progress OR • Positive influence- believe “If they can do it, I can do it!” • 3) Verbal persuasion and social influence • Women tend to be more active with supports • 4) Psychological states • Outcome expectations– “too old” to exercise, no benefits, may cause injury • Self-evaluation and perceptions of self • Mental and physical health • (Lee et al., 2008; Resnick, et al., 2000; Resnick, 2002)

15. Implications Physical education strategies for increasing self-efficacy

16. Implications: Strategies for the Classroom • Be aware of previous history • or experiences in PE setting • 2. Reduce competition • 3. Provide positive specific • reinforcements and encouragement • Choose activities that are appropriate • Provide a welcoming and “safe” environment • 6. Gradually decrease the use of assistance (Block, 2007) • (Block, 2007)

17. Alicia Dixon Oregon State University Email: dixona@onid.orst.edu

18. Example: Transforming r and calculating the average