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Structure of Language

Structure of Language. phonemes: basic speech sounds morphemes : smallest unit of language that contains meaning surface structure : the words and phrases comprising a particular sentence deep structure : the underlying meaning of a sentence. Rules of Language.

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Structure of Language

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  1. Structure of Language • phonemes: basic speech sounds • morphemes: smallest unit of language that contains meaning • surface structure: the words and phrases comprising a particular sentence • deep structure: the underlying meaning of a sentence

  2. Rules of Language • grammar: a system of rules that enable us to speak and understand • semantics: rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes • syntax: rules we use to order words into sentences

  3. Mental Imagery • An image is a mental representation of a sensory experience. • We use imagery as an aid in conceptualizing and solving problems. • Images allow us to use concrete forms to represent complex and abstract ideas.

  4. Concepts • concept: A mental category for classifying objects, people, or experiences. • prototype: A mental model containing the most typical features of a concept. • idealized cognitive model: Our conceptions of events as we expect to typically find them.

  5. Problem Solving • problem representation: interpreting or defining the problem • select a solution strategy that best suits the problem

  6. Possible Solution Strategies • trial and error • information retrieval: recovery of information from LTM is all that is necessary • algorithm: systematical evaluation of all possible solutions to a problem • heuristics: rules of thumb strategies for problem solving

  7. Heuristics • hill climbing: each step moves progressively toward the final goal • subgoals: creation of intermediate and more manageable goals • means-end analysis: reducing discrepancy between current and desired states

  8. Heuristics • working backwards: moving from the desired state to the current state • availability: basing our judgments on the availability of information in our memories • representativeness: judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes

  9. Obstacles to Problem Solving • an individual’s level of motivation • set: The tendency to perceive and to approach problems in certain ways. • functional fixedness: The tendency to perceive only a limited number of uses for an object.

  10. Obstacles to Problem Solving • confirmation bias: The tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief.

  11. Improving Problem Solving Ability • tacit of elimination: Possible solutions are evaluated according to appropriate criteria and discarded as they fail to provide a solution. • visualization: Concepts are drawn, diagrammed, or charted so that they can be better understood.

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