cwna certified wireless network administrator

1. CWNACertified Wireless Network Administrator Antennas

3. Radiation Patterns Isotropic – Point Source, Sphere shaped pattern. Dipole – 2 Element Half-Wave, Oblong doughnut shaped pattern.

4. Radiation Patterns Arrays – Yagi-Uda, Multi-lobe shaped pattern. A Yagi antenna, also known as a Yagi-Uda array or simply a Yagi, is a unidirectional antenna commonly used in communications when a frequency is above 10 MHz. The Antenna was invented by Dr. Hidetsugu Yagi of Tohoku Imperial University and his assistant, Dr. Shintaro Uda. Patented in 1926 A Yagi antenna, also known as a Yagi-Uda array or simply a Yagi, is a unidirectional antenna commonly used in communications when a frequency is above 10 MHz. The Antenna was invented by Dr. Hidetsugu Yagi of Tohoku Imperial University and his assistant, Dr. Shintaro Uda. Patented in 1926

5. Radiation Patterns Parabolic Dish, and Corner Reflectors, Lobe shaped pattern.

6. Radiation Patterns

7. Polarization Polarization – By convention the orientation of the electric field, (E) with respect to the earth’s surface. Vertical, Horizontal, and Circular/Elliptical polarization. Most wireless LAN circular polarized antennas use right-hand polarization.Most wireless LAN circular polarized antennas use right-hand polarization.

8. Antenna Beamwidth Beam-width – the angular separation between the two half-power points on the major lobe of one of the radiation planes of an antenna. The half-power points are -3 dB or 0.707 of the voltage maximum.

9. Antenna Beamwidth 90 degrees divided by six divisions = 15 degrees per division. On this graph the two -3 dB points are separated by approximately 2 divisions therefore 2 x 15 degrees equals a beam width of 30 degrees.90 degrees divided by six divisions = 15 degrees per division. On this graph the two -3 dB points are separated by approximately 2 divisions therefore 2 x 15 degrees equals a beam width of 30 degrees.

10. HyperGain HG2415Y 2.4 GHz 14.5 dBi Radome Enclosed Wireless LAN Yagi Antenna The HyperGain® HG2415Y Radome Enclosed Yagi WiFi Antenna features high gain and a 30° beam-width. It is ideally suited for directional and multipoint IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g wireless LANs, Bluetooth®, public wireless hotspot applications and other systems operating in the 2.4GHz ISM band. The unique design of this antenna allows it to be installed for either vertical or horizontal polarization. Rugged and Weatherproof This WiFi antenna is enclosed within a UV-stable, UL flame rated radome for all-weather operation.The HG2415Y antenna is supplied with a 60 degree tilt and swivel mast mount kit.The HyperGain® HG2415Y Radome Enclosed Yagi WiFi Antenna features high gain and a 30° beam-width. It is ideally suited for directional and multipoint IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g wireless LANs, Bluetooth®, public wireless hotspot applications and other systems operating in the 2.4GHz ISM band. The unique design of this antenna allows it to be installed for either vertical or horizontal polarization. Rugged and Weatherproof This WiFi antenna is enclosed within a UV-stable, UL flame rated radome for all-weather operation.The HG2415Y antenna is supplied with a 60 degree tilt and swivel mast mount kit.

11. Directional Antennas These beam-widths are in the horizontal plane. These beam-widths are in the horizontal plane.

12. Omni-Directional Antennas

13. Free Space Path Loss Free Space Path Loss – Loss caused by an EM wave as it propagates in a straight path through a vacuum with no other losses. The inverse-square law for electromagnetic radiation. implies a free space path loss proportional to the square of the distance. The inverse-square law for electromagnetic radiation. implies a free space path loss proportional to the square of the distance.

14. Free Space Path Loss 20log ((4x3.14x5000)/(300000000/2450000000) = 114 dB Note: 5000 meters = 3.1 miles. 1 meters = 3.2808399 feet (Note: The text uses a different formula with the same results.) 20log ((4x3.14x5000)/(300000000/2450000000) = 114 dB Note: 5000 meters = 3.1 miles. 1 meters = 3.2808399 feet (Note: The text uses a different formula with the same results.)

15. Free Space Path Loss Table

16. Coaxial Cables

17. RF Connectors An RF device for mechanically terminating and providing electrical contact between devices and/or cables. Gender of connectors: Jack, Receptacle, Female connector: A socket that accepts a plug to form an electrical connection. Plug, Male connector: A connector that inserts into a socket to form an electrical connection.Gender of connectors: Jack, Receptacle, Female connector: A socket that accepts a plug to form an electrical connection. Plug, Male connector: A connector that inserts into a socket to form an electrical connection.

18. RF Cables RF Cables – Coaxial Cable - A cylindrical transmission line comprised of a conductor centered inside a metallic tube or shield, separated by a dielectric material, and usually covered by an insulating jacket. A cylindrical transmission line comprised of a conductor centered inside a metallic tube or shield, separated by a dielectric material, and usually covered by an insulating jacket. Most common coaxial cables are around 50 and 75 ohms.A cylindrical transmission line comprised of a conductor centered inside a metallic tube or shield, separated by a dielectric material, and usually covered by an insulating jacket. Most common coaxial cables are around 50 and 75 ohms.

19. Coaxial Cable

20. RF Connector Types http://www.amphenolrf.com/ BNC type developed in the late 1940’s as a miniature version of the Type C connector, BNC stands for Bayonet Neill Concelman and is named after Amphenol engineer Carl Concelman and Paul Neill of Bell Labs. 50 O BNC connectors are miniature, lightweight units designed to operate up to 11 GHz and typically yield low reflection through 4 GHz. 75 O BNC's are available, and both mate with each other and with 50 O BNC's. N-Type named after Paul Neill of Bell Labs after being developed in the 1940's, the Type N offered the first true microwave performance. The Type N connector was developed to satisfy the need for a durable, weatherproof, medium-size RF connector with consistent performance through 11 GHz. There are two families of Type N connectors: Standard N (coaxial cable) and Corrugated N (helical and annular cable). TNC type developed in the late 1950's, the TNC stands for Threaded Neill Concelman and is named after Amphenol engineer Carl Concelman. Designed as a threaded version of the BNC, the TNC series features screw threads for mating. TNC are miniature, threaded weatherproof units with a constant 50 O impedance and they operate from 0 - 11 GHz. There are two types of TNC connectors: Standard and Reverse Polarity. Reverse polarity is a keying system accomplished with a reverse interface, and ensures that reverse polarity interface connectors do not mate with standard interface connectors. Amphenol accomplishes this by inserting female contacts into plugs and male contacts into jacks. Other manufacturers may use reverse threading to accomplish reverse polarity keying.  SMA type is an acronym for SubMiniature version A and was developed in the 1960's. It uses a threaded interface. 50 O SMA connectors are semi-precision, subminiature units that provide excellent electrical performance from DC to 18 GHz. These high-performance connectors are compact in size and mechanically have outstanding durability. UHF – Type Invented in the 1930's by an Amphenol engineer named E. Clark Quackenbush, UHF coaxial connectors are general purpose units developed for use in low frequency systems from 0.6 - 300 MHz. Invented for use in the radio industry, UHF is an acronym for Ultra High Frequency because at the time 300 MHz was considered high frequency. http://www.amphenolrf.com/ BNC type developed in the late 1940’s as a miniature version of the Type C connector, BNC stands for Bayonet Neill Concelman and is named after Amphenol engineer Carl Concelman and Paul Neill of Bell Labs. 50 O BNC connectors are miniature, lightweight units designed to operate up to 11 GHz and typically yield low reflection through 4 GHz. 75 O BNC's are available, and both mate with each other and with 50 O BNC's. N-Type named after Paul Neill of Bell Labs after being developed in the 1940's, the Type N offered the first true microwave performance. The Type N connector was developed to satisfy the need for a durable, weatherproof, medium-size RF connector with consistent performance through 11 GHz. There are two families of Type N connectors: Standard N (coaxial cable) and Corrugated N (helical and annular cable). TNC type developed in the late 1950's, the TNC stands for Threaded Neill Concelman and is named after Amphenol engineer Carl Concelman. Designed as a threaded version of the BNC, the TNC series features screw threads for mating. TNC are miniature, threaded weatherproof units with a constant 50 O impedance and they operate from 0 - 11 GHz. There are two types of TNC connectors: Standard and Reverse Polarity. Reverse polarity is a keying system accomplished with a reverse interface, and ensures that reverse polarity interface connectors do not mate with standard interface connectors. Amphenol accomplishes this by inserting female contacts into plugs and male contacts into jacks. Other manufacturers may use reverse threading to accomplish reverse polarity keying. SMA type is an acronym for SubMiniature version A and was developed in the 1960's. It uses a threaded interface. 50 O SMA connectors are semi-precision, subminiature units that provide excellent electrical performance from DC to 18 GHz. These high-performance connectors are compact in size and mechanically have outstanding durability. UHF – Type Invented in the 1930's by an Amphenol engineer named E. Clark Quackenbush, UHF coaxial connectors are general purpose units developed for use in low frequency systems from 0.6 - 300 MHz. Invented for use in the radio industry, UHF is an acronym for Ultra High Frequency because at the time 300 MHz was considered high frequency.

21. N-Type Connectors

22. Link Budget Gains = (15 + 14 + 14) dB = 43 dB, Losses = 4(-0.5 dB) + (-3 + -3 + - 114) dB = -122 dB Gain/loss of signal to AP-B receivers input = -79 dB Buffer or margin -79 – (-82) = 3 dB This is a very small margin and fading could easily disrupt communications. To increase the margin you could reduce losses or increase gains. Let’s use two parabolic dishes that have an antenna gain of 21 dBi. New gain = Gains = (15 + 21 + 21) dB = 57 dB This is a 14 dB increase and therefore the margin increase by 14 dB. New margin = (3 + 14) = 17 dB. [Usually try and have a fade margin of 10 to 20 dB.]Gains = (15 + 14 + 14) dB = 43 dB, Losses = 4(-0.5 dB) + (-3 + -3 + - 114) dB = -122 dB Gain/loss of signal to AP-B receivers input = -79 dB Buffer or margin -79 – (-82) = 3 dB This is a very small margin and fading could easily disrupt communications. To increase the margin you could reduce losses or increase gains. Let’s use two parabolic dishes that have an antenna gain of 21 dBi. New gain = Gains = (15 + 21 + 21) dB = 57 dB This is a 14 dB increase and therefore the margin increase by 14 dB. New margin = (3 + 14) = 17 dB. [Usually try and have a fade margin of 10 to 20 dB.]

23. Fresnel Zone Fresnel Zone - one of a (theoretically infinite) number of a concentric ellipsoids of revolution centered around the LOS path. (Pronouced frA-nel) Provides a technique to determine the required clearance between the signal and any obstacles along the transmission path. Augustin Fresnel (pronouced frA-nel) French physicist 1788-1827.Augustin Fresnel (pronouced frA-nel) French physicist 1788-1827.

24. Fresnel Zone This slide shows a simplified approach to using the Fresnel Zone. The formula is a suggestion from Cisco Systems to make sure that no obstruction occurs in the 1st Fresnel Zone’s 60 % of diameter surrounding the LOS path. This area is represented by the ellipsoid that is gray-green. The lighter green area is the encloses the 1st Fresnel Zone. No obstacle should intrude on this 60% zone so that a dependable link can be made between end units. To compute the diameter in feet of this 60% zone use the equation in the slide, where the D’s represent the LOS distance in mile and the f is the frequency of interest in GHz. For example using a frequency of 2.4 GHz and D1 = D2 = 2 miles: 1st Fresnel Zone Diameter = 46.5 ft. Finally multiple this Diameter by 60%. Obstruction Diameter = 0.6 x 46.5 ft. = 27.9 ft. Once this is plotted to scale on the drawing it can be seen that the water tower is not in this 60% area. This slide shows a simplified approach to using the Fresnel Zone. The formula is a suggestion from Cisco Systems to make sure that no obstruction occurs in the 1st Fresnel Zone’s 60 % of diameter surrounding the LOS path. This area is represented by the ellipsoid that is gray-green. The lighter green area is the encloses the 1st Fresnel Zone. No obstacle should intrude on this 60% zone so that a dependable link can be made between end units. To compute the diameter in feet of this 60% zone use the equation in the slide, where the D’s represent the LOS distance in mile and the f is the frequency of interest in GHz. For example using a frequency of 2.4 GHz and D1 = D2 = 2 miles: 1st Fresnel Zone Diameter = 46.5 ft. Finally multiple this Diameter by 60%. Obstruction Diameter = 0.6 x 46.5 ft. = 27.9 ft. Once this is plotted to scale on the drawing it can be seen that the water tower is not in this 60% area.

25. Earth Curvature

26. Antenna Installation Correctly installed antenna systems are a crucial part of a wireless network.

27. Antenna Installation Installation preparation and checklists. Install the antenna systems according to the safety regulations. Use the correct tools and instruments.

28. RF External Amplifier

29. Antenna Mounting Hardware

30. Antenna/Cable Grounding TOWER and COAX Grounding and Lightning Protection. The coax goes through a PolyPhaser rated 2KW connected to the ground buss. Note the shield is also grounded via a LMR ground kit. Thanks to my brother in law Rich for all his help in installing the coax connectors and ground system. The coax is all LMR-400 TOWER and COAX Grounding and Lightning Protection. The coax goes through a PolyPhaser rated 2KW connected to the ground buss. Note the shield is also grounded via a LMR ground kit. Thanks to my brother in law Rich for all his help in installing the coax connectors and ground system. The coax is all LMR-400

31. RF Attenuators An RF attenuator is a device that reduces the level of an RF signal. RF attenuators can be fixed or adjustable.

32. Lightning Arrestor Lightning Arrestor – A device used to allow a path to ground for unwanted static electricity, lightning-induced surges, or any abnormally high voltage or current. The devices usually use a shunt device like a semiconductors, MOVs, TVSs, Gas Discharge Tubes or quarter wave stub. You should use a lightning arrestor to protect radio equipment from static electricity and lightning-induced surges that travel on coaxial transmission lines.You can install the lightning arrestor indoors or outdoors. Follow the regulations or best practices applicable to lightning arrestors in your local area.Installation Note:If you install the arrestor outdoors, ground the arrestor by using a ground lug attached to the arrestor and a heavy wire (#6 solid copper) and connect the lug to a good earth ground. If you install the arrestor indoors, place the wireless LAN device near a good source of ground, such as structural steel or the ground on an electrical panel, and ground the arrestor using one of those grounds The devices usually use a shunt device like a semiconductors, MOVs, TVSs, Gas Discharge Tubes or quarter wave stub. You should use a lightning arrestor to protect radio equipment from static electricity and lightning-induced surges that travel on coaxial transmission lines.You can install the lightning arrestor indoors or outdoors. Follow the regulations or best practices applicable to lightning arrestors in your local area.Installation Note:If you install the arrestor outdoors, ground the arrestor by using a ground lug attached to the arrestor and a heavy wire (#6 solid copper) and connect the lug to a good earth ground. If you install the arrestor indoors, place the wireless LAN device near a good source of ground, such as structural steel or the ground on an electrical panel, and ground the arrestor using one of those grounds

33. Lightning Arrestors Typical insertion losses on these devices at 2.45 GHz from about 0.2 to 0.4 dB. Typical insertion losses on these devices at 2.45 GHz from about 0.2 to 0.4 dB.

34. RF Splitter / Power Dividers RF Splitter - A passive or active device that divides one RF signal into multiple RF signals.

35. RF Splitters

36. Test Kits / Instruments Digital Multimeter Power Meter RF Signal Generator Spectrum Analyzer Time Domain Reflectometer Digital multimeter – to measure basic electrical characteristics: AC/DC Voltage, AC/DC Current, and Resistance. Power meter – to measure RF power levels at the transmitter, transmission line, and antenna. RF Signal Generator – to produce radio frequency signals/waveforms for testing purposes. Many generators offer modulation capabilities. Spectrum Analyzer – to measure and graphically display a portion of the EM spectrum. The x-axis is frequency and the y-axis is level, amplitude, power. Time Domain Reflecometer – used to find discontinuities in a transmission line.Digital multimeter – to measure basic electrical characteristics: AC/DC Voltage, AC/DC Current, and Resistance. Power meter – to measure RF power levels at the transmitter, transmission line, and antenna. RF Signal Generator – to produce radio frequency signals/waveforms for testing purposes. Many generators offer modulation capabilities. Spectrum Analyzer – to measure and graphically display a portion of the EM spectrum. The x-axis is frequency and the y-axis is level, amplitude, power. Time Domain Reflecometer – used to find discontinuities in a transmission line.